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Final Report to the Pollock Conservation Cooperative
Research Center
Instruction in Fisheries Management
Principal Investigator:
Margaret F. Merritt
School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
University of Alaska Fairbanks
December 12,2001
-
Abstract
Funds made available through the Pollock Conservation Cooperative Research Center
ena~led the instruction of students and fishery professionals in techniques for decision­
mal(}n~. The ~ourse was offered as a special topic, stacked (493 and 693 options), and
cross-lIsted with Natural Resource Management. The course title was:
­
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Decision Making Techniques in Resource Management: Focus on the
North Pacific and Bering Sea Fisheries
­
Seven students completed the course; four were graduate students in the fisheries
program at UAF, and three were fisheries professionals with the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game interested in continuing education. The course included lectures and
hands-on practice with decision-making software in a computer lab. Students researched
selected fisheries problems related to the North Pacific and Bering Sea, outlined their
individual problem in a hierarchical structure, assigned weights of importance to issues
using expert judgment, developed a prioritized list of options to address issues, and
conducted a sensitivity analysis on the outcome. Based on student projects and
comments, the course fulfilled expectations and may be judged as a success.
Interestingly, the lecture topics that received the greatest number of requests for
additional time were, "Integrating socioeconomics, politics and science in decision
making" and "Group decision-making techniques" - topics not normally covered in
traditional fisheries course work.
Rationale for course
The purpose of this course was to instruct students and fishery professionals in decision
analysis for fisheries research and management planning and policy-making. Specific
instruction in strategic planning using the Analytic Hierarchy Process was provided.
Fisheries management is a decision-making process where there is usually incomplete or
suspect information, and managers must choose among risks and benefits to address often
conflicting goals. Policy-makers need to integrate scientific, economic, social and
political components to create comprehensive approaches for optimal harvesting.
However, most tasked with addressing this need lack training in the techniques that
would allow simultaneous consideration of multiple and conflicting viewpoints. It is
important to provide instruction in group decision analysis techniques to existing and
future participants in fisheries management to: I) ensure stakeholder participation in the
management process, 2) develop long term strategies with measurable objectives; 3)
blend varying sources of information; 4) make explicit the decision-making process; and,
5) increase the likelihood of finding an optimal solution to a management problem.
Course Content
Lectures were developed on the North Pacific and Bering Sea area, fisheries, players,
management structure and general research programs, followed by discussions of 10
major problems dealing with anthropogenic, physical and ecological influences on
species in the area. Problem solving and planning processes were explained to students.
The roles of socioeconomics, politics and science were considered in decision making.
General strategies for improving group decision making and eliciting stakeholder
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....
viewpoints were summarized. The basis for the multi-criteria decision technique, the
Analytic Hierarchy Process, was defined and associated computer software, Expert
Choice was introduced in the computer lab as a tool for facilitating the decision making
process.
Course Outline, Fall Semester 2001
Week
1
Sept
18 &20
2
Sept
25 &27
3
Oct
2&4
I
4
Oct
9& II
5
Oct
16 & 18
6
Oct
23 &25
7
Oct 30
& Nov I
8
Topics
Course approach, objectives
Complex fisheries problems in the North Pacific & Bering Sea
Introduction to strategic planning
Prominent philosophies of planning
Integrating socioeconomics, politics and science in decision making
The Analytic Hierarchy Process
Theory
Construction of decision frameworks
Expert judgment and prioritization
Risk & uncertainty in the time horizons
Students to identify the specific problem they will work on
Group decision making
Pitfalls confronting groups/advantages of groups
Meeting preparation
Techniques to elicit ideas/judgments
Consensus building
Stakeholders and their combinations
Selection techniques
Combining judgments
Weighting judgments
Demonstration of decision support software, Expert Choice
Structuring the problem
Evaluation and choice
Synthesis and sensitivity analysis
Instructor walks class through problem solving examples
Hands on practice in a computer lab with software
Computer lab time
Students structure objectives, issues and options
Draft of problem submitted
Computer lab time
Prioritization of ranked options using Expert Choice software
Sensitivity analysis
Presentation of student projects
Nov
6&8
2
-
-
Results
S~dents researched their chosen problem using the internet, magazine and newspaper
articles, personal interviews or other reference materials with the following in mind:
-Who are the stakeholders in the problem?
-How do politics, economics, social and scientific aspects play into the problem?
-What are the objectives of the decision-makers?
-What issues or impediments need to be overcome to achieve the objectives?
-What actions or projects address the issues?
-What is the preferred set of options to the problem?
Students did excellent jobs in developing in-depth models of their problem (5 levels,
including sub-issues) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. They conducted a sensitivity
analysis on their model aided by Expert Choice software. Specifically, they examined
how sensitive the final outcome was to changes in the weighting of major issues.
Students wrote papers that provided a brief background of the problem, described the
model and their rationale for weights of importance, and their conclusions and
recommendations with the following questions in mind:
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-What does your analysis prescribe?
-Do you feel that you have a good understanding of the problem?
-How confident are you in the solution, and do you feel it is feasible to implement?
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Students selected an interesting mix of problems for analysis that varied substantially in
subject matter. Following is a brief synopsis of each problem including the major issues
with their weights of importance and the top three options. Complete project hierarchies
and prioritized lists of options can be found in Appendix A. Copies of student papers
will be made available upon request.
I.
Subsistence halibut issues: addin2 a "new" fishery into the mana2ement mix
Weight of
Major Issues
Importance I
0.325
Who is eligible to participate in the subsistence fisherv?
0.192
Allowable gear types
0.151
Bag limits for subsistence halibut harvesting
0.132
Document the extent of existing C&T subsistence halibut harvests
0.088
Need to establish co-management agreements for the fishery
0.066
How to orovide for customary trade of subsistence halibut
0.046
Describe the possible impacts of a subsistence fishery on the
resource and other users
1.000
Total weight
Top Three Options
0.088
Develoo co-management agreements to gather data & make olans
0.087
Participants should be members of tribes with C&T uses of halibut,
or live in the same place as tribal members
0.078
A secondary choice for participants are rural residents of C&T tribe
onlv
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-
I
3
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2. Understanding the sources, fates and risks of mercury contamination in fish
and proposed met h0 d S tior mltl2atIOn
Weight of
Major Issues
Importance
0.390
Fates (where does mercury end uo?)
0.335
Potential sources (where does mercury come from?)
0.275
Risks (how does ingestion of mercury-tainted fish affect the health
of an individual, the community?)
1.000
Total wei~t
Top Three Ootions
0.054
Require commercially sold fish to be tested for mercury levels and
have those levels disolaved uDOn sale of fish
0.052
Develop method to capture volatized mercury for proper disposal
from trash incineration
0.049
Set protocols for forest harvests to reduce mercury levels by
reducin~ erosion and input into water bodies
3. Th e Impact
.
0 f traw r102 on habitat in the
Major Issues
Benn2
. Sea
Recovery rate of ecolo~ical community following trawling
Assess the effects of trawling on biological factors
Assess the effects of trawling on ohvsical factors of the habitat
Assess the effects on water qualitv and associated conseauences
Total weight
Top Three Options
Conduct experimental trawls & monitor elaosed time until recovery
Create maps of where trawling occurs & in what seasons
Install a video camera on trawls to determine if biological
destruction is occurring
Weight of
Importance
0.368
0.282
0.224
0.126
1000
0.367
0.097
0.075
4. The Steller sea lion: a conservation strategy (written from the perspective of
an environmental conservationist)
Weight of
Major Issues
Imoortance
0.333
Scientific research on the Steller sea lion and effects of fishing
0.333
Politics issues (e.g., lobbving Congress. organizing orotests, etc)
0.333
Training and education of stakeholders
Total weight
0.999
Top Three Options
Lobbv Congress to pass favorable Steller sea lion legislation
0.115
0.091
Organized protests & rallies against factory trawler industry
0.085
Advertise to improve public perception & increase recruits
4
-
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5. Understanding the localized decline of Steller sea lions in the Bering Sea: a
°
•
s t u den t' s vleWpolDt
0 f a fiIS h ermen '
s perspective
Major Issues
Weight of
Importance
Understand human-induced effects on the Steller sea lion
0.367
populations in the Bering Sea
Assess Steller sea lion abundance and foJ:a2in~ behavior
0.343
Understand natural ecosystem chan~es in the Berin2 Sea
0.157
Understand the natural variability of Steller sea lion abundance
0.072
Assess the level of redistribution of Steller sea lion to areas other
0.062
than Berin~ Sea
Total wei2ht
1.001
Top Three Options
Analyze seat by season to determine species composition of diet
0.104
Improve research on captive Steller sea lions for greater
0.100
understanding of nutritional reQuirements
0.093
Fund research on the incidence of direct Orca predation on juveniles
6. Samon
I
Iior everyone: mana21D2 the Yu k on R Iver
O
Weight of
Importance
0.329
0.248
0.170
0.150
0.102
Major Issues
Plan for fair and equitable harvests alon~ the length of the Yukon
Establish methods to accuratelv estimate salmon abundance
Understand svstem productivity and escapement needs
Understand the sources of mortalitv & exploitation of Yukon salmon
Evaluate enforcement methods for effectiveness
Total weight
Top Three Options
Evaluate village needs via councils and survevs
Use catch data to help index Yukon drain~e escapement
Use test fisheries to help index Yukon drai~e escapement
0.999
Ecosystem objectives: to protect habitats, species and their normal
interactions, and contribute to knowled~e
Fisheries objectives: to allow recovery of depleted stocks for future
harvest. maintain opportunity, protect socioeconomic interests
Total weight
Three TOD ODtions
Near or inclusive of area with depleted stocks
Restrictions should be applied uniformly & eQuitably
Process of creating reserves should be inciusionary
I
-
-
-
-
­
­
-
0.089
0.067
0.053
7. Desi2nin2 marine reserves in Alaska: fisheries and ecosystem perspectives
Major Issues
­
Weight of
Importance
0.500
0.500
1.000
0.122
0.107
0.107
5
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Establish legal subsistence halibut harvest regulations
ELIGIBLE
--+
GEARTYPE
WHO-CAN
TRIBE+­ TRIBE@­
INDIVID ­
TRIBONLY ­
RURTRIBE ­
1
-fo HOWMUCH?
2-HOOKS ­
1o-HOOKS ­
3O-HOOKS ­
6o-HOOKS ­
1
BAGLIMIT ~ No-BAG - - , . 2-20BAG ­
IoNQ.LIMIT ­
GOAL
---I
-+ LACKDATA -.I. DEVCO·MG ­
No-MONEY ­
CUSTRADE -+ TRADE?
S200YEAR ­
S400YEAR ­
COMANAGE
--i
$600YEAR ­
DOCUMENT .... LACKINFO ~ EXISTING ­
IoNEWSTUDY ­
2RESOURC ...L ESTIMATE ­
IMPACTS
- {
!
Abbreviation
C
GOAL
OTHERUSE ...L NOALLOCA ­
Definition
r S200YEAR
: $400YEAR
Limit monetary trade to $200 year maximum
limit monetary trade to -$;4;0;;o;-y~e~a~r--=m~a~x-::lm=u::'m=------------------
i-SSOOYEAR
lIm,t monetary trade to $Soo year maximum
i 1O-HO;.O;,;K.,;S-----:...;10;c-:-hOO-----,k::...s~~.::..:.=-.:..::...::..:...:..::...:-----,-------------------: 2-20BAG
Define a dally bag hmrt of belWeen 2·20 hahbut
2 hooks
· 2-H06Rs--I 2RESbuRC'------=;An-----,y:..:c·o~-=-n-se-rv-a-t-'o-n-c-o-n-ce-m-s--,fr-o-m-su--;b--:S-."fi""sh:"Ce--=ry:---:co=n=h--=a""hb:"Cu-:I?;;----------------'
· 30-HOOKS
30 hooks
SO·HOOKS ---------OS'"'O'"'h,--o-O...,k-S-----------------------------­
· BAGLIMIT
Bag hmlts for sueslstence hahbut harvesting
COM.A.j\fAG"E~----"EE=sta~bO::I'So'h:-c=-=o:--m=a-=n=ag=e=-=m=e=n=:t--=a--=g=re=-=e--=m=e=:n=ts='-fo=r-:s:"u=bS::'=S.·f=ls""h=ery=:-·-------------
· CUSTRADEO-----'P'-r=Ov~'==de~fo:-:r~c~u=s~to:::m~a~ry::O&·t=ra~d;;rt:::lo:::n:::a~lI=ra::d:;:e::.o::if--=s=U""b=s'=st:;:e:::n=ce~h=a;;;hb;;;u;;-1----------· DEVCO·MG
Develop co-management agreements to gather data & make plans
: DOcDMEN7-T;O-----..
D--:o=cu-m~en--:t.:.e:-xtc-e::...n...,t-o::;f-e::"'xl""st'--ln-g='C"&"'T"-s""Ub=S:"C,s::-:t-=e-nce-h=a::-:l=ib-u:-t=ha::"rv=es::t=s-------------i
EI:iGfBLE~-----D=efi"'ln=-=e:-w-:::-ho::-:ls,..e::-:I--::lg-;:lb:7le::-:-:lo...,p:"Ca-=n::...lc=iP=a=:t=e--::,n=su-;:b--=s:-::Is=te::n=-=ce:-=-;fi:::ls:;:h=e=ry,.-------------~
;- ESTIMA TE
EstImate subSIstence harvest is less than 1% of total harvest
·EXISTING
Existing C&T halibut harvest collected
· GEARTYPEO=-------;D"e--;fi"ln-e-=a::...II:-0::...w-a:-b:-le-g-e-a-r7ty-p::...e.:.s"""'fo-r-s-u.,.b=sl--=s'"'te--=n--=ce-=-------------------i
· HOWMUCH?
, How much traditional hook-and-line gear should be allowed?
! IMPACTS
Descnbe possible impacts of action on resource & other users
INDIVID
lLACKDATA
! LACKINFO
, NEWSTUDY
DetermIned on IndiVIdual basis by tnbe/state/or co mngmt group
Lack of subsistence harvest data Impedes management
. Lack of information about scope of subsistence halibut uses
i New studies of existing C&T subsistence harvests to fill gaps
iNO-BAG
NO·L1MIT
No legal bag hmit for subsistence halibut harvests eXlsls today
, No bag hm,ts for subsistence hahbut
I
: NO-MONEY
No monetary excnange of halibut by subSistence
, NOALLOCA
,OTHERUSE
Other users groups Impacted. sponlchaner/commerclal?
Ii
RURTRIBE
Rural residents of C&T tribes only
'TRADE?
TRIBE+
, Members of tribes With C&T uses of halibut; or live in same place
TRIBE@
, Tribal members With C&T who live anywhere; Juneau; Ketchikan
TRIBONLY
i Limited to only tribal members
WHO-CAN
Lack of means to allow C&T trade in subsistence halibut catch.
Need to recog mS8 eXlstin9 users without addin9/subtractin 9 #s
Establish Ie al subsistence halibut harvest re ulations
-
Synthesis of Leaf Nodes with respect to GOAL
Distributive Mode
OVERALL INCONSISTENCY INDEX
= 0.0
DEVCO-MG .088
TRIBE+
.087
RURTRIBE
.078
2-20BAG
.075
NO-LIMIT
.075
-
NEWSTUDY .072
TRIBE@
.064
60·HOOKS
.062
TRIBONLY
.061
EXISTING
.060
30·HOOKS
.058
10-HOOKS
.055
INDIVID
.035
-
NOALLOCA .028
$400YEAR
026
$200YEAR
019
ESTIMATE
.018
2-HOOKS
017
$600YEAR
.014
NO-MONEY
008_
Abbreviation
. DEVC
O-MG
'TRIBE +
-
Definition
-------------------------­
Develop co-management agreements to gather data & make plans
I
Members of tribes with C&T uses of halibut: or live in same place
:RURTRIBE
.2-20B AG
i
NO-L1 MIT
I,
: NEWS TUDY
[TRIBE @
160-HOOKS
'-----­
,TRIBO NLY
EXIST ING
30 ­ HO OKS
1
i 10-HOOKS
iiNDIV 10
iNOAL LOCA
$400Y EAR
'$200Y EAR
ESTIM ATE
2-HOO KS
S600Y EAR
NO-M ONEY
-
Rural residents of C&T tribes only
Define a daily bag limit of between 2-20 halibut
No bag limits for subsistence halibut
. New studies of existing C&T subsistence harvests to fill gaps
, Tribal members with C&T who live anywhere; Juneau; Ketchikan
60 hooks
Limited to only tribal members
, Existing C&T halibut harvest collected
'30 hooks
•10 hooks
Determined on individual basis by tribe/state/or co-mngmt group
I
I
I
i
I
i,
,
-
-
-
,
, Limit monetary trade to $400 year maximum
. Limit monetary trade to $200 year maximum
i Estimate SUbsistence harvest is less than 1% of total harvest
: 2 hooks
i Limit monetary trade to S600 year maximum
I No monetary exchange of halibut by subsistence
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11/7/200112:11:24 PM
. '.
ihc4-sf=.~7 f/...t; ~-v<-I,
t:..i.4 cw..I H
k
5
S
Model Name: contaminants final 2
Treeview
ill
Understanding the sources, fates, and risks of mercury contamination in fish, &. propose possible methods for
mitigation
ill
Potential sources (Where does it come from?) (L: .335)
- . Environmental (L: .333)
---- Natural deposits (L: .154)
. • Clnabar (L: .625)
- . Cinabar removal project (L: 1.000)
-. Inorganic deposits (L: .375)
-iii
--. Extract Inorganic mercury deposits to reduce leaching into environment (L: 1.000)
Natural vaporization (L: .308)
. -II
- Ia
Research rate of natural vaporization (L: .231)
Research percent of deposited mercury that is revolitlsed (L: .308)
Research length of time mercury can spend in atmosphere with revolitization (L: .462)
Transportation (L: .538)
- iI
iI
• Ocean current transport (L: .200)
a Disolved mercury (L: .250)
i01I
• Research method to percipitate out mercury desolved in water (L: 1.000)
Plankton (L: .350)
iii
• Research method to reduce flow of mercury through marine plankton (L: 1.000)
Invertebrates (L: .400)
• Research method to reduce flow of mercury through marine invertibrates (L: 1.000)
• Surface transportation (L: .200)
;;J Transport by birds (L: .231)
•
Research the effect of mercury input from transportation from birds compared to the whole (L:
1.000)
,;: Transport by fish (L: .231)
.. Research the effect of mercury input from transport by fish compared to the whole (L: 1.000)
.,j
Transport via water through watershed (L: .538)
EJI
Actual mercury disolved in water (L: .200)
•
III
Transport by drifting invertibrates (L: .400)
101
• Research methods to reduce flow of mercury via invertibrates (L: 1.000)
Transport by zooplankton and phytoplankton (L: .400)
-. Research methods to reduce flow of mercury via plankton (L: 1.000)
Atmospheric transport (L: .600)
. ill Deposition of mercury from atmosphere (L: .900)
• Research process to find a way to infleuence the process of mercury deposition from atmosphere
(L: 1.000)
::J
liil
Research method to percipitate disolved mercury out of the water (L: 1.000)
101
Length of time mercury can spend in atmosphere before deposition (L: .100)
.• Up to 18 months (L: 1.000)
Industrial (L: .667)
Mining (L: .182)
l;;l Mercury (L: .333)
-f:f
Clean up old mercury mining sights (L: 1.000)
Extraction with mercury (L: .667)
---iii Stop using mercury to extract gold and silver from ore (L: .500)
II
-iii
11/7/200112:11:24 PM
iii
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Page 2 of 3
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- ii Better methods to increase mercury retention via currrent process (L: .500)
Incineration (L: .552)
-- Iii Trash (L: .364)
­
--. Reduce incineration of trash (L: .364)
• Develop method to retain volitised mercury for proper disposal from trash incineration (L: .636)
-w Coal (L: .636)
-
- . Reduce the use of coal for power generation (L: .333)
- - Develop method to capture volitized mercury for proper disposal from coal incineration (L: .667)
_.. Industrial waste (L: .100)
-
- . Dental uses (L: .250)
l_. Stop using mercury in dental practices (L: .333)
- - Proper disposal of mercury products used in dental practices (L: .667)
­
-.. Used to sterilize medical suplies (L: .750)
w
- - Use alternative methods to sterilize medical equipment (L: .500)
- . Proper disposal of mercury products used in sterilizing medical supplies (L: .500)
Arguricultrial (L: .075)
• Fungiside (L: 1.000)
­
---. Use alternative fungiside (L: 1.000)
-. other uses (L: .091)
-II Paper production (L: .250)
- II
-
Find alternative method for paper production (L: .500)
Reduce loss of mercury in paper production process (L: .500)
ii Catalyst in chemical based products (L: .500)
iii
iii
•
-
Use alternative catalyst (L: .500)
• Reduce loss of mercury in process catalysing process (L: .500)
Paints and coatings (L: .250)
-
--. Reduse use of paints and coatings with mercury (L: .500)
iii Use alternative ingredient in paint and coatings (L: .500)
~
Risks (How does ingestion of mercury-tainted fish affect the health of an individual, the
community?) (L: .275)
-
Probibility or Iikelyhood of exposure (L: .250)
;;j1
"" Test people to find out individuals rate of mercury uptake to identify more· at risk individuals (L: .300)
:2
w
Educate people so they understand mercury so they can self regulate mercury ingestion (L: .700)
Short term or long term effects (L: .050)
II
Mercury has a long term biomagnifing effect (L: 1.000)
-
a What is acceptable risk (L: .050)
EPA set standards for drinking water at 2ppb, and lppm in fish (L: 1.000)
Risk management-degree of avoidance or risk reduction (L: .650)
a Regulate fishing in known mercury contaminated areas (L: .125)
-13 Educate people with consumption advisories (L: .125)
Cl Test fish for mercury levels when they arrive on the docks (L: .250)
U Require comercially sold fish to be tested for mercury levels and have those levels displayed upon sale
of fish (L: .300)
III
iii
­
-
a
~
Generate mercury level trend maps to identify possible risk areas based on natural deposits,
percipitated mercury, industrial sources, and watershed charteristics (L: .200)
Fates (Where does it end up?) (L: .390)
-
--ii Methylation of mercury (conversion of Hg to MeHg, the type of mercury found in fish) (L: .500)
- CI
Fire supression protocols (L: .200)
-.
Set new protocols for fire controll to help reduce mercury levels in surrounding bodys of water (L:
1.000)
-·111 Forest harvest practices (L: .250)
-.
Set protocols for forest harvests to reduce mercury levels by reducing erosion and opm input into
bodys of water (L: 1.000)
­
-
-
11/7/200112:11:24 PM
Page 3 of 3
1!I Chemical controll (L: .075)
-il
• Infleuence chemical levels in body of water to reduce methylation (L: 1.000)
Erosion (L: .300)
Organic particle matter (L: .600)
-. Erosion controll projects to reduce input of organic particle matter entering the system (L: 1.000)
- . Deposited mercury (L: .400)
----- Erosion controll projects to reduce input of inorganic mercury (L: 1.000)
---. Ice scour (L: .175)
~ Habitat enhancement projects to reduce effects of ice scour (L: 1.000)
--. Uptake by flora and fauna (L: .400)
Phyto plankton (L: .250)
,~
,
' - . Research method to reduce uptake of mercury by phytoplankton (L: 1.000)
--. Zooplankton (L: .250)
Research method to reduce uptake of mercury by zooplankton (L: 1.000)
---. Invertlbrates (L: .300)
--. Research method to reduce uptake and retention of mercury via invertibrates (L: 1.000)
iJi Fishes (L: .200)
--II
1_.
• Research method to reduce uptake and retention of mercury via fishes (L: 1.000)
-. Effects of blomagnifled mercury levels in top peditors (L: .100)
- . Negitlve growth effects (L: .167)
III Damage to nervous system (L: .333)
iii Reduced reproductive potential due to negitive effects of mercury on mammalian fetus (L: .500)
Page 1 of 2
11/7/200112:11:49 PM
Model Name: contaminants final 2
Synthesis: Summary
Synthesis with respect to:
Understanding the sources, fates, and risks of mercury contamination in fish, & propose possible methods for
OveraJllnconsistency = .00
Require comercially sold fish to be tested for mercury levels and have
Develop method to capture volitized mercury for proper disposal from
Set protocols for forest harvests to reduce mercury levels by reducing
Educate people so they understand mercury so they can self regulate
Research method to reduce uptake and retention of mercury via
Test fish for mercury levels when they arrive on the docks
Set new protocols for fire controll to help reduce mercury levels in
Research method to reduce uptake of mercury by phytoplankton
Research method to reduce uptake of mercury by zooplankton
Generate mercury level trend maps to identify possible risk areas based
Erosion controll projects to reduce input of organic particle matter
Habitat enhancement projects to reduce effects of ice scour
Research process to find a way to infleuence the process of mercury
Research method to reduce uptake and retention of mercury via fishes
Develop method to retain volitised mercury for proper disposal from
Reduce the use of coal for power generation
Erosion controll projects to reduce input of inorganic mercury
RegUlate fishing in known mercury contaminated areas
Educate people with consumption advisories
Test people to find out individuals rate of mercury uptake to identify more
Reduced reproductive potential due to negitive effects of mercury on
Use alternative fungiside
Research length of time mercury can spend in atmosphere with
Reduce incineration oftrash
Infle uence chemical levels in body of water to reduce methylation
Clean up old mercury mining sights
Stop using mercury to extract gold and silver from ore
Bette r methods to increase mercury retention via currrent process
Mercury has a long term biomagnifing effect
EPA set standards for drinking water at 2ppb, and 1ppm in fish
Damage to nervous system
Cinabar removal project
Research percent of deposited mercury that is revolitised
Research rate of natural vaporization
Use alternative methods to sterilize medical equipment
Proper disposal of mercury products used in sterilizing medical supplies
Extract inorganic mercury deposits to reduce leaching into environment
Negitive growth effects
Research method to reduce flow of mercury through marine i nvertibrates
Use alternative catalyst
Reduce loss of mercury in process catalysing process
.054
.052
.048
.047
.045
.039
.039
.039
.036
.035
.034
.032
.031
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Page 2 of 2
11/7/200112:11:49PM
Research method to reduce flow of mercury through marine plankton
Up to 18 months
Proper disposal of mercury products used in dental practices
Research method to percipitate out mercury desolved in water
Research the effect of mercury input from trans portation from bi rds
Research the effect of mercury input from transport by fish compared to
Research methods to reduce flow of mercury via invertibrates
Research methods to reduce flow of mercury via plankton
Find altemative method for paper production
Reduce loss of mercury in paper production process
Reduse use of paints and coatings with mercury
Use altemative ingredient in paint and coatings
Stop using mercury in dental practices
Research method to percipitate disolved mercury out of the water
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Page 1 of 2
11/2/2001 2:44: 17 PM
~
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Model Name: Trawling Probem
-
Treeview
-
11-1
Goal: Find out if Bottom Trawling and Dredging Effects The Bering Sea and if Thresholds for Trawling Exist
­
-. Recovery Rate (L: .361)
-. Experimental Trawl Monitor How Long Until Recovers Completely (L: 1.000)
II Physical (L: .224)
-
- . Location (L: .500)
----,. Near Shore (L: .333)
--- Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .444)
---a Core sediment sample comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .324)
--a Core sediment sample comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .231)
---II Shelf (L: .333)
-
-
--. Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .439)
- . Core sediment sample comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .327)
-. Core sediment sample comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .234)
--a Off Shore (L: .333)
•
Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .439)
Core sediment sample comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .327)
.. Core sedmient sample comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .234)
10I Substrate (L: .500)
'I Mud (L: .317)
II
~
Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .439)
Bottom composition comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .327)
-a Bottom composition comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .234)
u Coral (L: .150)
iii
Adversely affects coral substrate- see literature!! (L: .375)
Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .333)
f-' Bottom composition comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .167)
:.J Bottom composition comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .125)
Sand (L: .322)
iii
l,;I
l,;I
­
Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .439)
Bottom composition comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .327)
:;;j Bottom composition comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .234)
iii Rocks (L: .212)
iii
iii
­
Create maps of where trawling occurs and in what season (L: .439)
- ~ Bottom composition comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .327)
l.lI Bottom composition comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .234)
Biological (L: .282)
iii Direct (L: .615)
iii
I;l
Migratory Species (L: .333)
• Before and after experimental trawl samples (L: .706)
-iii Experimental trawl impact on r-selected species (L: .417)
--iI Experimental trawl impact on k-selected species (L: .583)
iii Video camera on trawl- biological destruction yes or no? (L: .294)
... Resident Species (L: .333)
­
-
-
l.lI
­
-
-II Before and after experimental trawl comparison (L: .615)
--iii
Experimental trawl impact on r-selected species (L: .417)
-
11/2/20012:44:17 PM
Page 2 of 2
Experimental trawl impact on k-selected species (L: .583)
II Video camera on trawl- biological destruction yes or no? (L: .385)
\iii sessile Species (L: .333)
--II Video camera on trawl- biological destruction yes or no? (L: .615)
-II Grab sample comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .385)
--II
--- Experimental trawl impact on r-selected species (L: .417)
---. Experimental trawl impact on k-selected species (L: .583)
--iii Indirect (Life History Strategies) (L: .385)
. -II Predator avoidance ability (L: .239)
-II Video tape predator prey interaction (L: 1.000)
---- Predator avoidance before and after experimental trawl (L: .427)
---- Predator avoidance in trawl vs. no trawl zone (L: .573)
---- Foraging (L: .428)
:---. Behavior (L: .500)
----. Video tape fish foraging before and after trawling in same area (L: .500)
. ~II Examine fish foraging behavior by diving immediately after a trawl pulls through (L: .500)
iii Diet Contents (L: .500)
-II Stomach content analysis comparison trawl vs. no trawl (L: .594)
.. II Stomach content analysis beforel after experimental trawl (L: .406)
III Reproduction (L: .333)
--. Spawning habitat analysis (L: .275)
g Behavior (L: .197)
II Video tape spawning fish in action before and after trawling in same area (L: .583)
-II Examine fish spawning behavior by diving immediately after a trawl pulls through (L: .417)
II Spawning critical biomass analysis (L: .528)
IllI Water Quality (L: .126)
II Water sample comparison before and after experimental trawl (L: .415)
ail Water sample comparison trawl vs. no trawl (L: .585)
Page 1 of 1
11/2/2001 2:44:41 PM
Model Name: Trawling Probem
­
­
Synthesis: Summary
Synthesis with respect to:
Goal: Find out if Bottom Trawling and Dredging Effects The Bering Sea and If Thresholds for Trawling Exist
Overall Inconsistency
­
­
= .00
Experimental Trawl Monitor How Long Until Recovers Completely
Create maps of where trawling occurs and inwhat season
Video camera on trawl- biological destruction yes or no?
Water sample comparison trawl vs. no trawl
Experimental trawl impa ct on k-selected specie s
Water sample comparison before and after experimental trawl
Experimental trawl impact on r-selected species
Core sediment sample comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone
Bottom composition comparison trawl vs. no trawl zone
Bottom composition comparison before and after experimental trawl
Spawning critica I biomass analysis
Core sediment sample comparison before and after experimental trawl
Predator avoidance in trawl vs. no trawl zone
Stomach content analysis comparison trawl vs. no trawl
Video tape fish foraging before and after trawling in same area
Examine fish foraging behavior by diving immediately after a trawl pUlis
Predator avoidance before and afte r experimenta I trawl
Spawning habitat analysis
Core sedmientsample comparison before and after experimental trawl
Stomach content analysis beforel after experimental trawl
Adversely affects coral substrate- see literature!!
Video tape spawning fish in action before and after trawling in same area
Examine fish spawning behavior by diving immediately after a trawl pulls
.367
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.074_
.058 _
.052 _
.041.
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.034 •
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.015
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.011
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-
-
-
Page 1 of 2
11/7/20015:10:00 PM
';f,u
5~ ~ J.;~:
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Model Name: James AHP
Treeview
•
Goal: To ensure the longevity of the steller sea lion throughout its entire
range
. -Ill Scientific research (L: .333)
- . Steller sea lion biology (L: .600)
.--. Disease (L: .174)
- I I Natural mortality study focusing on disease in the early life history
of steller sea lion
--~ Repoduction and Growth (L: .279)
-. Growth reqUirements needed to reach reproductive maturity (L:
1.000)
a Habitat (L: .220)
-. Home range studies to determine range size for energetic
calculations (L: 1.000)
··IJ Predator/Prey relationships (L: .327)
• Studies on daily and seasonal migration patterns and timing (L:
1.000)
;jjj
Commercial Fishing Effects (L: .400)
~ Socio-economic (L: .271)
CI
The effect of commercial fishing losses on rural communities (L:
.600)
'aI
Determine alternative means to replace the commercial fishing
losses (L: .400)
u Bottom Trawls (L: .187)
3J
Effect on the benthic organisms influencing the SSL food sources (L:
.600)
~
Effect of bycatch on the nutrient cycle (L: .400)
U Mid-Water Trawls (L: .270)
.. Comparison studies between mid-water and bottom trawls:
incidental catch and CPUE
-\;3 Fish Stocks (L: .272)
Population studies focusing on the dynamics of the local (around
rookeries and haulouts) fish stocks (L: 1.000)
- U Political (L: .333)
-II
1/7/2001 5: 10:00 PM
­
Page 2 of 2
­
-il Lobbying Congress to pass favorable SSL legislature (L: .344)
Organized protests and rallies against the factory trawlers industry in
D.C. and in Alaska (L: .272)
---101 Support Political Action Committee's through funding (L: .194)
-II
--- Endorse/Campaign for environmental legislators (L: .190)
Training and Education (L: .333)
­
Rural/Native Cultures (L: .256)
Learn more about the Native culture and the importance of the fishery
to the lifestyle (L: .500)
Educate rural communities on other economic oppurtunities (L:
.500)
- a Schools/Youth Groups (L: .256)
-. Visit elementary schools to educate them about the SSL to increase the
awareness (L: .400)
. iii Visit youth groups to educate them on the SSL, our goals, and what
the organization is about for the purpose of recruitment and
awareness (L: .600)
. eI General Public (L: .256)
­
-
----II
~
-. Positive advertisement to get the message out to improve the publics
perception and increase recruitment (L: 1.000)
Members (L: .233)
ti Issues: History of problem, economics involved, stakeholders (L: .500)
~ Cultural: people and traditions (L: .500)
­
­
­
­
-
-
-
-
-
11/7/2001 5:10:15 PM
Page 1 of 1
Model Name: James AHP
Synthesis: Summary
Synthesis with respect to:
Goal: To ensure the longevity of the steller sea lion throughout its entire range
Overall Inconsistency
Lobbying Congress to pass favorable SSL legislature
Organized prOlests and rallies against the factory trawlers
Positive advertisementto get the message out 10 improve
Studies on daily and seasonal migration patterns and
Support Political Action Committee's through funding
Endorse/Campaign for environmental legislators
Growth requirements needed to reach reproductive
Visit youth groups 10 educale them on the SSL, our goals,
Home range studies to determine range size for energetic
Learn more about the Native culture and the importance of
Educate rural communities on other economic
Issues: History of problem, economics involved.
Cultural: people and traditions
Comparison studies between mid-water and bot1om trawls:
Population studies focusing on the dynamics of the local
Natural morta lity study focusing on disease in the early life
Visit elementary schools to educate them about the SSL to
The effect of cornmercia I fishing losses on rural
Effect on the benthic organisms influencing the SSL food
Determine alternative means to replace the COrTnlerc ial
Effect of bycatch on the nutrient cycle
.091
.085
.065
.065
.063
.056
.051
.044
.043
.039
.039
036
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.035
.034
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-
11/8/20019:12:34 AM
t~~-sb-t~t,'d ~
('
Model Name: final%20modeldone[1]
-
Treeview
-
• Goal: To Understand the Localized Decline of Steller Sea Lions in Bering Sea
-l!!I Understand the Natural Variability of Steller Sea Lions in the Bering Sea Ecosystem (L:
.072)
­
-----. Disease types, frequency and parasite loads (L: .533)
-- Improve research to determine effect of disease on reproductive rates (L: 1.000)
- . Carrying capacity of Steller Sea Lions and level of interspecific competition (L:
.467)
---. Improve research on density dependent competition effects and K (L: 1.000)
iii Understand the Human-induced effects of the Steller Sea Lion populations in
the Bering Sea (L: .367)
-. Nutritional Stress (L: .317)
­
!
:.J
­
-- Prey Availability (L: 1.000)
-II Assess abundance (quantity of prey) (L: .221)
-- • Conduct sonar counts in feeding areas (L: 1.000)
- II Assess quality of available prey (L: .337)
• Oil content analysis of prey chosen by Steller Sea Lions (L: 1.000)
ill Diversity of available prey (L: .221)
E! Stomach content analysis by season (L: .214)
• Scat analysis by season (L: .786)
tiJ % of prey not available to SSL from effects of fishing (L: .221)
iii maintain fishery observer program to estimate catch/bycatch (L: 1.000)
Pollutants and Toxins (L: .069)
­
­
Assess reproductive failure and/ or disease attributable to pollutants (L: 1.000)
Disturbance and Harrassment (L: .269)
iii Scattering of schools in forage fish (L: .607)
II
~
Research on amount of shoaling in control and impacted sights (L: 1.000)
. ~ Disturbance of haulouts and rookeries by human interests (L: .393)
!I
Research on level of stress/reproductive failure of SSL attributabe to
disturbances (L: 1.000)
o Entanglement in Marine Debris (L: .072)
II More research on effects of marine debris/dump zones on SSL abundance and
behavior (L: 1.000)
--a Intentional Hunting (L: .186)
-iii Subsistence (L: .476)
---II Improved monitoring of subsistence communities to better assess harvest and
lost SSL (L: 1.000)
­
!iii
­
­
-
11/8/2001 9: 12:34 AM
Page 2 of 2
. iii Nuisance Shooting (L: .524)
-.
Improved monitoring/enforcement to assess nuisance shoooting levels (L:
1.000)
--91 Human induced climate changes (L: .088)
-. Global warming and its effects on Bering Sea Ecosystem (L: 1.000)
- .. Incorporate weather model accounting for localized warming in the Bering Sea
(L: 1.000)
-Ill Assess Steller Sea Lion abundance and foraging behavior (L: .343)
- - Determine accurate Steller Sea Lion abundances in the Bering Sea (L: .087)
--. Improved aerial surveys (L: 1.000)
--II Determine where they prefer to hunt for food(depth,location) and how they
hunt (L: .321)
--a Underwater videotaping with minimal disturbances (L: .318)
iii Radio telemetry (sattelite trackers, depth sounders) (L: .682)
-1;iI
Determine what the SSL(juvenile/adult) prefers to hunt for and by what
seasons (L: .302)
• Scat analysis by season (L: .810)
Stomach content analysis by season (L: .190)
UI Determine the nutritional requirements for juveniles and adult SSL (L: .290)
• Improved research on captive Steller Sea Lion's nutritional requirements (L:
1.000)
CJ
EI
Understand natural ecosystem changes in the Bering Sea (L: .157)
Ii Assess level of direct predation on Steller Sea Lion juveniles by killer whales (L:
.592)
Fund research on direct Orca predation of SSL juveniles (L: 1.000)
:.J Meterological changes (frequency of storms) (L: .222)
LI Incorporate model to account for storm frequency and its effects on SSL (L:
1.000)
~ Regime shifts/Pacific Decadal Oscillation (L: .186)
ill Incorporate weather model to account for account for natural temperature
variability (L: 1.000)
Assess level of redistribution of Steller Sea Lion to areas other than Bering Sea
(L: .062)
!31 DNA analysis of all stocks of Steller Sea Lions (L: 1.000)
iii
U
Page 1 of 1
11J8J2001 9:13:59 AM
­
Model Name: final%20modeldone[1]
Synthesis: Summary
Synthesis with respect to:
Goal: To Understand the Localized Decline of Steller Sea Uons in Bering Sea
Overall Inconsistency = .00
Scat analysis by season
Improwd research on captive Steller Sea Lion's nutritional requirements
Fund resea rch on direct Orca predation of SSL juveniles
Radio telemetry (sattelitB trackers, depth sounders)
DNA analysis of all stocks of Steller Sea Lions
Research on amount of shoaling in control and impacted sights
Oil content a nalysis of prey chosen by Steller Sea Lions
Research on level of stress/reproductive failure of SSL attributabe to disturbances
Improw research to detBrmine effect of disease on reproductive rates
Improwd monitoring/enforcement to assess nuisance shoooting lewis
Underwater videotaping with minimal disturbances
IncorporatB model to acc ount for storm frequency and its effects on SSL
Improw research on density dependent competition effects and K
Improwd monitoring of subsistence communities to better assess harvest and lost
Incorporate weather model accounting for localized warming in the Bering Sea
Improwd aerial surveys
Incorporate weather model to account for account for natural temperature variability
Conduct sonar counts in feeding areas
maintain fishery observer program to estimate catch/bycatc h
More research on effects of marine debris/dump zones on SSL abundance and
Stomach content analysis by season
Assess reproductive failure andlordisease attributable to pollutants
-
.104
.100
.093
.075
.062
.060
.039
.039
.038
.036
.035
.035
.034
.032
.032
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.026 _
025 _
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-
-
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-
11/8/2001 1:45:50 PM
/ /.)
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Page 1 of 3
#-t'~-
Model Name: bersea3
Treeview
• Goal: Maintain salmon escapement for the Yukon to sustain harvest
---£! understand sources of mortality and exploitation of Yukon salmon (L: .150)
---II natural mortality (L: .128)
--II predation of fish by natural predators (L: 1.000)
--II disease (L: .128)
--. numbers affected by disease (L: .667)
--II sources of disease (L: .333)
---. fishing mortality (L: .417)
-1.1 subsistance (L: .073)
--1:1 assess subsitence needs (L: .333)
-II conduct surveys to estimate inseason harvest (L: .667)
- [J
commercial (L: .073)
• estimate takes with fish ticket data (L: 1.000)
-lill sport (L: .105)
Ilill
• statewide post season harvest survey (L: 1.000)
interception by domestic fleets at area M (L: .314)
.- II establish bycatch quota for Yukon salmon (L: .667)
--. restrictions on times and locations to reduce take of Yukon salmon (L: 1.000)
indentify when Yukon salmon are in Area M (L: .333)
U
tI
stock identification (L: 1.000)
[J
stock genetics to identify Yukon salmon in Area M (L: .215)
'-J
scale identification to identify Yukon salmon in Area M (L: .116)
tracking and telemetry studies to identify Yukon salmon in Area M (L: .383)
~
tagging data to identify Yukon salmon in Area M (L: .287)
interception by domestic trawls (L: .218)
I;;J
:l
Ii establish salmon bycatch quotas (L: .667)
~
enforce bycatch guidelines (L: .333)
i.::l interception by foreign fleets (L: .218)
indentify Yukon stocks (L: .493)
- \; genetics to identify Yukon salmon caught by foreign fleets (L: .400)
. bI tracking studies to identify Yukon salmon caught by foreign fleets (L: .400)
i3 tagging studies to identify Yukon salmon caught by foreign fleets (L: .200)
-\:J Observer programs (L: .196)
til
-II on domestic vessels (L: .667)
- -II on foreign vessels (L: .333)
.
~
international enforcement (L: .311)
-iii treaties, cooperations (L: .311)
-ill economic incentives (L: .493)
11/8/2001 1:45:50 PM
-
­
Page 2 of 3
­
- . increase coast guard patrols (L: .196)
\i;i indirect human effects (L: .327)
--/!I pollution (L: .099)
-
.. - . industrial/mining pollution (L: .500)
- - examine heavy metal pollution (L: .667)
- . examine fuel pollution (L: .333)
- i l municipal pollution (L: .500)
- - sewage pollution of habitat (L: .311)
- - municipal waste disposal pollution (L: .493)
- . pollution from municipal fuel leaks (L: .196)
­
- - disturbance (L: .338)
.--. examine effects of boating on habitat (L: .667)
­
--. exmine effects of dams, river flow disturbance (L: .333)
-- iii habitat degradation (L: .563)
-
.- . effects of bank erosion on habitat (L: .750)
-g
- 1:11
­
plan for fair and equitable harvests along the length of the Yukon (L: .329)
II
r;J
effects of logging on habitat (L: .250)
escapement into upper Yukon, including Canada (L: 1.000)
III evaluate village needs via councils, surveys etc. (L: .750)
IliII set commercial catch quotas, with preference to subsistance and escapement goals (L:
.250)
­
-
establish methods to accuratly estimate salmon abundance (L: .248)
-. total drainage escapement (L: 1.000)
u weirs to estimate Yukon drainage escapement (L: .196)
:...l
Gl
radio telemetry to estimate Yukon drainage escapement (L: .102)
i.J
counting towers to estimate Yukon drainage escapement (L: .202)
::l
test fisheries to estimate Yukon drainage escapement (L: .222)
~
catch data to estimate Yukon drainage escapement (L: .278)
­
understand system productivity and escapement needs (L: .170)
~ productivity is unkown (L: .250)
­
iii develop spawner/recruit relationships (L: .515)
WI estimate smolt productivity (L: .315)
chemical indices to measure productivity (L: .170)
escapement goals need research (L: .750)
!ii3 escapement needed for sustainable harvest (L: .250)
- .. iI distribute escapement along river (L: .750)
8
d
.
­
a conservative management of downriver until upriver needs are met (L: .250)
--iii escapement needed to maintain ecosystem (L: .750)
-f.]
-111 does 'excess escapement' exist? (L: 1.000)
evaluate enforecement methods for effectiveness (L: .102)
-liiI define i1eagal harvest (L: .506)
-iii
c1arrify regulations (L: .493)
-1:1 reduce complexity of regualations (L: .311)
­
-
­
-
11/8/2001 1:45:50 PM
regulation 1-800 help line (l: .196)
- IoJ enforcement (l: .177)
-lii)
more funding (l: .419)
-··11 more observers (l: .214)
-II
--£I
--III
~-EI
rewards for reporting violations (l: .095)
penalties (l: .139)
fines (l: .132)
education (l: .317)
.-11 educate public on regulations (l: .200)
-;I
-II
educate public on management goals (l: .330)
- . educate public on decision making process (l: .140)
--. involve public (l: .330)
Page 3 of 3
-
Page 1 of 2
11/8/2001 1:46:56 PM
-
Model Name: bersea3
-
Synthesis: Summary
­
Synthesis with respect to:
Goal: Maintain salmon escapement for the Yukon to sustain harvest
-
Overallinconsislency = .02
evaluate village needs via councils. surveys etc.
catch data to estimate Yukon drainage escapement
test fisheries to estimate Yukon drainage escapement
counting towers to estimate Yukon drainage escapement
weirs to estimate Yukon drainage escapement
does 'excess escapement' exist?
restrictions on times and locations to reduce take of Yukon salmon
effects of bank erosion on habitat
set commercial catch quotas. with preference to subsistance and escapement
establish salmon bycatch quotas
genetics to identify Yukon salmon caught by foreign fleets
tracking studies to identify Yukon salmon caught by foreign fleets
clarrify regUlations
radio telemetry to estimate Yukon drainage escapement
tracking and telemetry studies to identify Yukon salmon in Area M
examine effects of boating on habitat
economic incentives
reduce complexity of regualations
educate public on management goals
involve public
tagging data to identify Yukon salmon in Area M
develop spawner/recruit relationships
distribute escapement along river
enforce bycatch guidelines
tagging studies to identify Yukon salmon caught by foreign fleets
statewide post season harves t survey
predation of fish by natural predalDrs
numbers affected by disease
stock genetics to identify Yukon salmon in Area M
on domestic vessels
treaties, cooperations
effects of logging on habitat
regulation 1-800 help line
exmine effects of dams, river flow disturbanc e
more funding
educate public on regulations
conduct surveys to estimate inseason harvest
estimate takes with fish ticket data
estimate sma It productivity
increase coast guard patrols
educate public on decision making process
.089
.067
.053
.048
.047
.046
.040
.032
.030
028
.028
.028
.027
.025
.020
.019
.018
.017
.017
017
.015
.015
.015
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-
-
-
-
Page 2 of 2
11/8/2001 1:46:56 PM
sources of disease
scale identification to identify Yukon salmon in Area M
on foreign vessels
examine heavy metal pollution
municipal waste disposal pollution
assess subsitence needs
chemical indices to measure productivity
conservative management of downriver until upriver needs are met
more obse rvers
sewage pollution of habitat
examine fuel pollution
penalties
fines
poll ution from municipal fuel leaks
rewards for reporting violations
.006
.006
.006
.006
.006
.005
.005
.005
.005
.004
.003
.003
.003
.002
.002
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•
•
•
•
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Page 1 of 1
12/12/01 8: 13:47 AM
Model Name: Marine Reserves
Treeview
• Goal: Designing Marine Reserves in Alaska
• Ecosystem Objectives (L: .500)
- . protect habitats and species from physicall impacts of fishing gear (L: .388)
------ establish reseves in areas with high and low level of disturbance (L: .177)
- . need to be sufficient number for future rotational fishing (L: .195)
--. inclusive of several habitat types to promote species diversity (L: .195)
--. design reserve to match the scale of oceanographic and ecological processes of
target species (L: .434)
• provide environment where normal behaviors and interactions can take place
between species (L: .388)
--. near favorable gyres and currents with ability to disperse eggs and larval fishes
for future parent stock (L: .500)
_.• near favorable currents and upwellings for planktonic dispersal (L: .500)
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• contribute to the advancement of knowledge of ecosystems and life histories of
species of concern (L: .104)
• committment and infrastructure for long term research (L: .500)
• development of methods to monitor progress of marine reserve program (L:
.500)
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• provide protection for threatened and endangered species (L: .121)
• identify critical habitat requirements for endangered and threatened species (L:
1.000)
• Fisheries Objectives (L: .500)
• provide for increased harvest of depleted stocks in the future (L: .429)
• near or inclusive of area with depleted stocks (L: .571)
• strategically placed to increase likelihood of exportation of biomass from
reserves to other fishing grounds (L: .143)
• allow for larger, older fish to reproduce for increased spawner/recruit benefits
(L: .286)
• maintain and protect present opportunity (L: .429)
• restrictions should be applied uniformly and equitably (L: .500)
• process of creating reserves should be inclusionary (L: .500)
• protect socio-economic interests of fishermen and communities (L: .143)
• not so far from ports that fishery becomes cost-prohibitive (L: .243)
.• not too close to busy shipping lanes (L: .088)
.• plan reserves to meet current and expected future needs (L: .669)
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Page 1 of 1
12/12/01 8:14:01 AM
Model Name: Marine Reserves
Synthesis: Summary
Synthesis with respect to:
Goal: Designing Marine Reserves in Alaska
Overall Inconsistency
= .00
near or inclusive of area with depleted stocks
restrictions should be applied uniformly and equitably
process of creating reserves should be inclusionary
near favorable gyres and currents with ability to disperse eggs and larval fishes for future
near favorable currents and upwellings for planktonic dispersal
design reserve to match the scale of oceanographic and ecological processes of target species
allow for larger, older fish to reproduce for increased spawner/recruit benefits
identify critical habitat requirements for endangered and threatened species
plan reserves to meet current and expected future needs
need to be sufficient number for future rotational fishing
inclusive of several habitat types to promote species diversity
establish reseves in areas with high and low level of disturbance
strategically placed to increase likelihood of exportation of biomass from reserves to other
commillment and infrastructure for long term research
development of methods to monitor progress of marine reserve program
not so far from ports that fishery becomes cost-prohibitive
not too close to busy shipping lanes
Jim Schwarber
.107
.107
.097
097
.084
.061
.060
.048
.038
.038
034
.031
.026
.026
.017 _
.006.
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