Download - eSkripsi Universitas Andalas

134
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abbott, K., Harris, R., and Lester, P. 2004. Invasive ants risk management.
Biosecurity. New Zealand.
Adidharma D. 2004. “Metode pengendalian hama pemakan daun, S .nitens
(Limacodidae: Lepidoptera) menuju perkebunan kelapa sawit organik”.
Simposium Nasional. Institute Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Agosti, D., Majer, D., Alonso L.E., and Schultz, T.R. 2000. Ants standard
methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Washington:
Smithsonian Institution Press.
Alison, A. Bockoven, S.M.Wilder and M.D. Eubanks. 2015. “Intraspecific
variation among social insect colonies: persistent regional and colonylevel differences in fire ant foraging behavior”. Journal Pone: 1-19.
Almeida, A.M., Figueiredo, R.A. 2003. “Ants visit nectaries of Epidendrum
dentriculatum (Orchidaceae) in a Brazilian rainforest: effects on
herbivory and pollination”. Brazilian Journal Biology 63: 551-558.
Altieri, M.A. 1999. “The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems”.
Journal Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74:19-31.
Andersen A.N. 1997. “Using Ants as bioindicators: Multiscale Issues in Ant
Community Ecology”. Journal Conservation Ecology 1(1): 8.
Andersen, A. N. and Yen, A. L. 1992. “Canopy ant communities in the semi-arid
mallee region of north-western Victoria”. Australia Journal of Zoologi
40: 205–214.
Andersen, A.N. 2000. Global ecology of rainforest ants: functional groups in
relation to enviromental stress and disturbance: In Agosti. D. Majer, D.,
Alonso L.E., Schultz, TR (eds.). 2000. Ants Standard Methods for
Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Washington: Smithsonian
Institution Press.
Andersen, A.N. 1991. “Responses of ground-foraging ant communities to three
experimental fire regimes in a savanna forest of tropical Australia”.
Journal Biotropica 23: 575–585.
Andersen, A.N. 1993. “Ants as indicators of restoration success at a uranium mine
in tropical Australia”. Journal Restoration Ecology 1: 156–167.
135
Andersen, A.N., Hoffmann B.D., Müller, W.J. and Griffiths, A.D. 2002. “Using
ants as bioindicators in land management: simplifying assessment of ant
community responses”. Journal of Application Ecology (39): 8-17.
Andrew, N., L. Rodgerson, and A. York. 2000. “Frequent fuel-reduction burning:
the role of logs and associated leaf litter in the conservation of ant
biodiversity”. Journal Australia Ecology 25(1): 99-107.
Anggraitoningsih, W., R. Ubaidillah, H. Sutrisno, A. Suwito dan O. Efendi. 2012.
“Potensi dan Pengendalian serangga hama kelapa sawit di Lampung”.
Laporan penlitian PKPP Ristek. Jakarta.
Anonim. 1965. Colour illustration of the insect of Japan. Vol. I. The Java
Coleopterological Society. Hoikusha Publishing. Co. Ltd.
Atkins, Michael D. 1980. Introduction to Insect Behavior. Mac Millan Publishing
Co.New York: 237p.
Barbani, L.E. 2003. “Foraging activity and food preferences Odorous homes ant
(Tapinoma sessile) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)”. Thesis. Faculty of
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia.
Basri, M.W and Norman, K. 2000. “Insect Pest, Pollinators and Barn Owl.
Advance in Oil Palm Research. (Yusof, B: Chan, KW. And Jalani, BS.
Eds)”. Journal Malaysia Palm Oil Board: 466-541.
Basri, M.W, Sharma, M. And Norman, K. 1991. “Field Evaluation of insecticides
and a culture practice against the bunch moth, Tirathaba rufivena
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a mature oil palm plantation”. Journal Elaeis
3 (2): 355-362.
Bell, R.T. and J.R. Bell. 1988. “Rhysodini of Sulawesi (Indonesia) and nearby
islands (Coleoptera: Carabidae or Rhysodidae)”. Journal Of The New
York Entomological Society 96 (1): 7-15.
Bell, R.T. and J.R. Bell. 1989. “Rhysodine beetles on the genera collection II: new
species of Yamatosa and Omoglymmius, descriptions of undescribed
sexes in other species, and some major range extensions (Coleoptera:
Carabidae or Rhysodidae)”. Journal Revue suisse Zoology 96 (3):637642.
Bestelmeyer, B.T. and. J. A. Wiens. 2003.” Scavenging ant foraging behavior and
variation in the scale of nutrient redistribution among semi-arid
grasslands”. Journal of Arid Environments 53: 373-386.
136
Blüthgen, N. and Konrad F. 2002. “Interactions between Weaver Ants Oecophylla
smaragdina, Homopterans, Trees and Lianas in an Australian Rain Forest
Canopy”. Journal of Animal Ecology 71(5): 793-801.
Bluthgen, N., Stork, N.E., Fiedler, K., 2004. “Bottom-up control and cooccurrence incomplex communities: honeydew and nectar determine a
rainforest antmosaic”. Journal Oikos 106: 344–358.
Bockoven, M. Wilder and D. Eubank. 2015. “Intraspecific variation among social
insect colonies: persistent regional and colony- level differences in fire
ant foraging behavior”. Journal Pone.: 1-19.
Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ants genera of the world. Cambridge
Massachussetts: Harvard University Press.
Borror, C.A. Triplehorn and N.F. Johnson. 1992. An introduction to the study of
insect. Philadephia: W.B. Saunders.
Bousquet, Y. 1990. Bettle An associated with stored products in Canada:
identification guide. Biosystematics Research Centre Ottawa, Ontario.
Canada.
BPS. 2006. Sumatera Selatan dalam Angka. Palembang
Brittain, C.A. Vighi M., Settele J and Pott S.G. 2010. “Impacts of a pesticide on
pollinator species richness at different spatial scales”. Journal Basic
Applied Ecology 11: 106–115.
Bruhl, Carlton, and Linsenmair. 2002. “Size does matter effect of tropical
rainforest fragmentation on the leaf litter ant community in Sabah,
Malaysia”. Journal Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1371-1389.
Buana dan Siahaan. 2003. “Ulat pemakan daun kelapa sawit”. Pertemuan Teknis
kelapa sawit 21: 56-77.
Byrne, M.M. 1994. “Ecology of twig dwelling ants in a wert lowland tropical
forest”. Journal Biotropical 26: 61-72.
Cairns, J. and J. R. Pratt. 1993. A history of biological monitoring using benthic
macroinvertebrates, pp. 10-27. In D. M. Rosenberg and V. H. Resh
[eds.], Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates.
Chapman& Hall. New York.
Callicott, J. B. 1994. Toward a global environmental ethic. In M. E. Tucker & J.
A. Grim (Eds.), Worldviews and ecology Maryknoll. New York: Orbis
Books (pp. 30-40).
137
Chapman, R.F. 1971. The insect structure and function. The English University
Press Ltd. London.
Chen, Y.H.and Elva J. H. Robinson. 2014. “The relationship between canopy
cover and colony size of the wood ant formica lugubris - implications for
the thermal effects on a keystone ant species”. Journal Pone: 1-18.
Chu, H.F and L.K. Cutkomp. 1992. How to Know the immature insect 2nd. WCB
Publisher, Dubuque, Amerika serikat.
Chung, A.Y.C. and Mohamed, M. 1996. A Comparative study of the ants fauna in
a primary and secondary forest in Sabah. In Edwards, DS., Booth, W.E.
and Choy, S.C (eds). “Tropical rainforest Research”: 357-366. Kluwer
Academic Publisher, Dodrecht, Netherlands.
Cody, M.L. 1986. Diversity, rarity, and conservation in Mediterranean-climate
regions, In Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity
(ed. M.E. Soule), Sinauer Associates: 122–52.
Cole, B.J, Edwards R, Holbrook C.T, Holm L, Heyward J, Wiernasz D.C. 2008.
“Does foraging activity affect foraging success in the western harvester
ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)”. Journal Annals of the Entomological
Society of America 101: 272–276.
Coley, P. D. and Barone, J. A. 1996. “Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical
forests. Annual Revition”. Journal Ecological. Systematic. 27: 305–335.
Costa, F.RC. 2006. “Mesoscale Gradients of Herb Richness and Abundance in
Central Amazonia”. Journal Biotropica, 38:711-717.
Davis, N.E., D.J. O’Dowd, P.T. Green and R.M. Nally. 2008. “Effects of an alien
ant invasion on abundance, behavior, and reproductive success of
endemic island birds”. Journal Conservation Biology 22: 1165-1176.
Dejean, A. and Corbara, B. 2003. Review on mosaics of dominant ants in
rainforests and plantations. In Y. Basset, V. Novotny, S. E. Miller, and
R. L. Kitching (Eds.), Arthropods of tropical forests. Cambridge
University Press. pp. 341–347.
Dejean, A., Celine L, B. Corbara, O. Roux, R. Cereghino, J. Orivel and R.
Boulay. 2010. “Arboreal ants use the ‘‘velcro H principle’’ to capture”.
Journal Pone 5 (6): 1-7.
Dinas Perkebunan Sumatera selatan. 2011. “Sawit Sumsel nomor tiga di
Indonesia”. Berita news trijaya.
138
Dirjen Perkebunan. 2007. Pedoman umum program revitalisasi perkebunan
(kelapa sawit, Karet dan kakao). Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta.
Dja’far, N. Ratnawati dan M. Akmal. 2005. “Pedoman roundtable on sustainable
palm oil (rsop) tentang prinsip dan kriteria sustainable palm oil pada
industri kelapa sawit. pusat penelitian kelapa sawit Medan”. Jurnal
Penelitian Kelapa sawit. 13 (2):85-110.
Djieto, L.C. and A. Dejean. 1999. “Tropical Arboreal Ant Mosaics: Innate
Attraction and Imprinting Determine Nest Site Selection in Dominant
Ants”. Journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45(3/4) : 219-225.
Dodd, F.P. 1902. “Contribution to the life history of Liphyra brassolis West”.
Journal Entomologist 35: 153-156.
Dunn, R.R., Charles. R. Parker, and N.J. Sanders. 2007. “Temporal patterns of
diversity: assessing the biotic and abiotic controls on ant assemblages”.
Biological Journal Linnean Soc. 91: 191-201.
Eardley, C., D. Roth, J. Clarke, S. Buchmann, and B. Gemmil. 2006. Pollinators
and pollinations: a resource book for policy and practice. African
Pollinator Initiative (API), South Africa.
Eguchi, K. 2001a. “A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole
(Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae).” Published by the
Japan Sociaty of Tropical Ecology. Tropic. Series 2.
----------. 2001b. “A taxonomic study on Asian Pheidole (Hymenoptera,
Formicidae): New synonymy, rank changes, lectotype designations and
redescriptions”. Journal Ins.Koreana, 18 (1):1-35.
-----------. 2006. “Six new species of Pheidole Westwood from North Vietnam
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)”. Revue suisse De Zoologie,113(1):115-131.
Epstein, M. E., Geertserma, H., Naumann, C. M. and G. M.Tarmann. 1999. The
Zygaenoidea, pp. 159–180. In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.), Lepidoptera:
Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, systematics, and biogeography.
Handbook of Zoology. 4, Part 35. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York: 491.
Epstein, M.E.1996: “Revision and phylogeny of the Limacodid-group families,
with evolutionary studies on slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera:
Zygaenidea)”. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 582: 1–102.
Evans, E. W. 1984. “Fire as a natural disturbance to grass-hopper assemblages of
tallgrass prairie”. Journal Oikos 43:9–16.
Falahudin, I. 2012. “Peranan semut rangrang (Oecophylla smaragdina) dalam
pengendalian biologis pada perkebunan kelapa sawit”. Prosiding AICIS:
2604-2618.
139
Falahudin, I. A.D. Putri, Jasmi, Azhar. 2013. Ekologi hewan dengan berbagai
aplikasi penelitian. Palembang. Noer Fikri Offset.
Falahudin, I. S. Salmah, Dahelmi and A. Hasyim. 2015. “Size and the
composition of the colony of Weaver ants (Oecophyllasmaragdina) and
ecology role toward the palm”. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences
18 (6): 267-272.
Faleiro, J.R. 2006. “A review of the issues and management of the red palm
weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Rhynchophoridae)” in
“Coconut and date palm during the last one hundred years International”.
Journal of Tropical Insect Science 26 (3): 135–154.
Fauzi, Y, Y.E. Widyastuti, Iman S., dan R. Hartono 2006. Kelapa Sawit:
Budidaya, Pemanfaatan Hasil dan Limbah, Analisis Usaha dan
Pemasaran. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Fayle T.M., Bakker L., Cheah C., Ching T.M., Davey A., Dem F., Earl A.,
Huaimei Y., Hyland S., Johansson B., Ligtermoet, E., Lim R., Lin L.K.,
Luangyotha P., Herlander Martins B., Palmeirim A.F., Paninhuan S.,
Kepfer Rojas S., Sam L., Sam P.T.T., Susanto D., Wahyudi A., Walsh J.,
Weigl S., Craze P.G., Jehle R., Metcalfe D. and Trevelyan T. .2010.” A
positive relationship between ant biodiversity and predatory function
across a disturbance gradient in a SE Asian rain forest”. Journal
Myrmecological News 14: 5–12.
Floren, A., A. Freking, M. Biehl and K.E. Linsenmair. 2001. “Anthropogenic
disturbance changes the structure of arboreal tropical ant communities”.
Journal Ecography 24: 547-554.
Folgarait, P. J. 1998. “Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem
functioning: a review”. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 1221-1244
Fowler, H.G and Claver, S. 1991. “Leaf cutting ant assemblies, effect of latitude,
vegetation, and behaviour”. Journal ant Plant Interaction: 51-59.
Frank, J. H., and E. D. McCoy. 1995a. “Precinctive insect species in Florida”.
Journal Florida Entomology. 78: 21-35.
--------------------------------------------1995b.“Introduction to insect behavioral
ecology : the good, the bad, and the beautiful: non-indigenous species in
florida. invasive adventive insects and other organisms in Florida”.
Journal Florida Entomology. 78: 21-35.
140
Franks, N.R, and S. Franks A.B. 1999. “Queen transport during ant colony
emigration: a group-level adaptive behaviour”. Journal Behavaviour
Ecology 11: 315–318.
Gibb, H. and Hochuli, D. F. 2003. “Colonisation by a dominant ant facilitated by
anthropogenic disturbance: effects on ant assemblage composition,
biomass and resource use”. Journal Oikos 103: 469–478.
Ginting CU., Pardede D.J., Djamin A. 1995. “Formulasi baru Bacillus
thuringiensis dan pengaruhnya terhadap Ulat Api Setothosea asigna van
Eecke pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit”. Warta PPKS 3 (l):35-38.
Godfray, H.,C.J., Cock, M.J.W. and J.D. Holloway. 1987. Chapter 1. An
introduction to the Limacodidae and their bionomics, pp. 1–8. In: Cock,
M.J.W., Godfray, H.C.J., and Holloway, J. D. (eds). Slug and nettle
caterpillars. cab international. Wallingford, England, UK. 270: 36.
Graham, J.H., H.H. Hughie, S. Jones, K. Wrinn, A. J. Krzysik, J. J. Duda, D. C.
Freeman, J. M. Emlen, J. C. Zak, D. A. Kovacic, C. Chamberlin-Graham,
and H. Balbach. 2004. “Habitat disturbance and the diversity and
abundance of ants (Formicidae) in the Southeastern Fall-line Sandhills”.
Journal of Insect Science 4:30.
Greenslade, P.J. M. and Greebslade, P. 1977. “Some effect vegetation cover and
disturbance on a tropical ant fauna”. Jounal Insect Sociobiologi. (2): 163182.
Greenslade, P.J.M. 1977. “Some Effect of vegetation cover and Disturbance on a
tropical ant Fauna”. Journal Insectes Social 24: 163-182
Greenslade, P.J.M.1971. “Interspecific completion and frequency change among
ants in Solomon Island Coconut Plantation”. Journal Application
Ecology 8: 323-352
Groombridge, B. (Ed). 1992 Global biodiversity, status of the earth’s living
resources. London: Chapman and Hall.
Hadikastowo dan R.H. Simanjuntak. 1996. Mengumpulkan dan Mengawetkan
Serangga. Penerbit Bhratara: Jakarta.i+89.
Hardon, J.J. 1976. Oil palm breeding introduction. In oil palm research edited by
R.H. V. Corley, Hardon, J.J and B.J. Wood. Elsevier Sciemtific
Publishing Company: 89-108.
Hargrove, W.W. 1986. “An annotated species list of insect herbivores commonly
associated with black locust Robinia pseudoacacia in the Southern
Appalachians”. Journal Entomological News 97: 36-40.
141
Hartley, C.W.S. 1979. The oil palm. Longman, London and New York : i-xvii: 1806.
Hashimoto, Y. 2003. “Manual for Borneon ants (Formicidae) identification”.
Paper in The course on tools monitoring biodiversity in the asean region
at University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu.
Hashimoto, Y., S.Yamane and M. Mohamed. 2001. “How to design an inventory
method for ground-level ants in tropical forests”. Journal Nature and
Human Activities 6: 25-30.
Herwina, H. N. Nasir, Jumjunidang and Yaherwandi. 2013. “The composition of
ant species on banana plants with Banana Bunchy-top Virus (BBTV)
symptoms in West Sumatra, Indonesia”. Journal Asian Myrmecology 5:
151-161.
Hill, M., Holm, K., Vel, T., Shah, N.J. and Matyhot, P. 2003. “Impact of the
introduced yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes on Bird Island,
Seychelles”. Journal Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1969–1984.
Hölldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. 1983. “Queen control in colonies of weaver ants
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)”. Annual Entomology Sociobiology
America. 76: 235-238.
Hölldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard Univ. Press.
Holway, D.A. 2002. “Role of abiotic factors in governing susceptibility to
invasion: a test with argentine ants”. Journal of Ecology. 83: 1610-1619.
Hopkins, A.D. 1909. “Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles 1.
The genus Dendroctonus. Technical”. Bulletin, United States Department
of agriculture, Bureau of Entomology 17: 1-164.
Hosoishi, S and K. Ogata. 2009. “A taxonomic revision of the Asian endemic
subgenus Physocrema of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae)”. Journal Zootaxa 2062: 15-36.
Huang S.P, Porter W.P, Tu M.C, and Chiou C.R. 2014. “Forest cover reduces
thermally suitable habitats and affects responses to a warmer climate
predicted in a high elevation lizard”. Journal Oecologia 175: 25–35.
Huang, H.T and Yang P. 1987. “The ancient cultured citrus ant”. Journal
Bioscience 37: 665–671.
142
Hutahuruk, C.H. Sipayung, A. Dan P.S. Sidharto. 1982. “E. Kamerunicus F Uji
kekhususan inang dan perannya sebagai penyerbuk Kelapa sawit”.
Buletin PPKS-Marihat. 3 (2).
Isingrini, M. and A. Lenoir. 1989. “Colony recognitio of larva by young worker
Chataglypis cursor”. Journal Behavioural Processes. 17: 69-72.
James, D.G., Stevens, M.M, O’Malley, K.J, Faulder, R.J. 1999. “Ant foraging
reduces the abundance of beneficial and incidental arthropods in citrus
canopies”. Journal Biological Control 14: 121–126.
Jumar. 2000. Entomologi Pertanian. Jakarta:PT. Rineka Cipta.
Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. The Pests of Crops In Indonesia. PT. Ikhtiar Baru Van
Hoeve : Jakarta.
Kartasapoetra, AG. 1997. Hama Tanaman Pangan dan Perkebunan. Bumi
Aksara. Jakarta.
Kaspari. M. 1996. “Testing Resource-based Model and Pacthiness in Four
Neotropical Litter ants Assemblages”. Journal Oikos 76: 443-454.
Kaspari M., and Majer JD. 2000. Using ants to monitor environmental change. In:
Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (eds). Ants: Standard
Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity.Volume 7.
Smithsonian Inst, Washington DC.
KBBI. 2005. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.
Kluge, R. L. 2000. “Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological
Control of Weeds 4-14 July 1999”. Montana State University, Bozeman,
Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. : 459-467.
Krebs, J.C. 1989. Ecological Methodology. New York. Herper Collins Peblisher.
Kuznetsov, V. I. and A. A. Stekolnikov. 2001. “New approaches to the system of
Lepidoptera of world fauna (on the base of the functional morphology of
abdomen)”. Proceedings of the zoological institute, russian academy of
sciences 282: 1–462.
Lattke J.E. 2000. Specimen processing: building and curating an ant collection.
In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (ed.). Ants:
Standard Methods for Measuring
and
Monitoring
Biodiversity. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
143
Le Conte, Y., and M. Navajas. 2008. “Climate change impact on honey bee
population and disesases”. Journal Rev. Science Technology office
International Epiz 27(2): 499-510.
Leonotis, A. 2012. Animal's ecology; paper: Animal and environment.
http://amybiologi.blogspot. com/2012/03.
Leschen, R. A. B.; Beutel, R. G. and Lawrence, J. F. (Editors); Slipinski, A.
(Associate editor). 2009. Handbook of zoology. Coleoptera, Beetles, vol.
2: Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia,
Cucujiformia partim).
Leston, D. 1973. “The ants mosaic tropical crops and the limiting of pest
diseases”. Pest articles and news summaries 19: 311-341.
Lomolino, M.V., B.R. Riddele and J.H. Brown. 2006. Biogeography. Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Publisher, Sunderland, Messachusett.
Longino, J.T., Coldington, J. And Colwell, R.K. 2002. “The ant fauna of tropical
rain forest: estimating species richness three different way”. Journal
Ecology 83:689-702.
Lubis, A.U. 1992. Budi Daya kelapa sawit (Elaeis gueenensis Jacq). PPKSMarihat-Medan: 262-266.
Lynch, J.F. 1981. “Seasonal Successional vertical Segregation in Maryland Ant
Community”. Journal Oikos 37: 183-198.
Maftu’ah, E.M. Alwi dan M. Wilis. 2005. “Potensi makrofauna tanah sebagai
bioindikator kualitas tanah gambut”. Jurnal Bioscientiae 2 (1): 1-14.
Magurran, A.N. 2003. Measuring Biological Diversity. Australia: balckwell
Publishing Company.
Majer, J. D. 1990. The role of ants in land reclamation seeding operations. pp.
544–554 In Vander Meer, R. K., Jaffe, K., Cedeño, A. Application
Myrmecology: A world perspective. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press.
741pp.
Majer, J. D., Delabie, J. H. C. and Smith, M. R. B. 1994. “Arboreal ant
community patterns in Brazilian cocoa farms”. Journal Biotropica 26:
73–83.
Majer, J.D. 1972. “The ant mosaic in Ghana cocoa farms”. Bulletin Entomology
Res 62:151 160.
144
Majer, J.D. 1976. “The influence of ants and ant manipulation on the cocoa farm
fauna”. Journal Application Ecology 13:157–175.
Mangoensoekarjo, S. dan H. Semangun. 2003. Manajemen Agrobisnis Kelapa
Sawit. UGM-Press, Yogyakarta.
Manurung, E.G.T. 2000. “Analisis valuasi ekonomi investasi perkebunan kelapa
sawit di Indonesia”. Laporan Teknis Environmental Policy and
Institutional Strengthening IQC.
Matlock R.B, Jr., and de la Cruz R. 2002. “An inventory of Parasitic
Hymenoptera in banana plantations under two pesticide regimes”.
Journal Agricultur Ecosysemt and Environment 93:147-164.
Matsumura M, and S. Morimura. 2010. “Recent status of insecticide resistance
in asian rice planthoppers”. Journal Japan Agroculture Res. 44:225230.
Mejer, J.D. and P. C. Pesci. 1991. “Ants species in tropical Australian tree crops
native ecosystem-Is there a mosaic?”. Journal Biotropica 23 (2):173-181.
Mele, P.V. 2008. “A historical review of research on the weaver ant Oecophylla
in biological control”. Journal Agriculture For Entomology 10:13–22.
Mele, P.V. and Cuc NTT. 2004. Ants as friends: improving your tree crops with
weaver ants. Africa Rice Center, Cotonou and CABI, Egham.
Metcalf, C.L and W.P. Flint, 1962. Destructive and useful insects, their habits
and control. 4th. Edn.Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Michael, P. 1984. Ecological Methods for Field adn Laboratory Investigations.
McGraw Hill. Pub. Co.
Miller, C. 2004. “Days numbered for yellow crazy ants”. Journal Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment 2: 342.
Mohamed, M. 2003. Manual for Borneon Ant (Formicidae) Identification. Tools
for Monitoring Soil Biodiversity in the ASEAN region. Darwin Initiatif
Morley, D.W. 1946. “The interspecific relations of ants”. The Journal of Animal
Ecology 15: 150 – 154.
Nakane, T. 1980. Coloured illustrations of insect of Japan Coleoptera. Haikasha
Publishing Co. Ltd.
Narendra, A. and S.Kumar. 2006. On trails with ants: A handbook of ants of
Peninsular India. Nes letter. ISBE 20(1): 193.
145
Natawigena. 1990. Pengendalian Hama Terpadu. CV. Amrico. Bandung.
Nirdev, P.N. M. C. Jobi and Sabu K. Thomas. 2011. “Analysis of the predator
reluctance and prey rejection of weaver ants with Luprops as single prey
resource”. Journal of Biopesticides, 4 (2): 106-108.
Noon, N. Kohout, Watanasit, Yamane and Wiwatwitaya. 2009. “Additional
records of Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) varicolor Viehmeyer (Formicidae:
Formicinae) from Southern Thailand, with notes on Its nesting habits”.
Journal Tropical Natural History 9(2): 171-188.
Noor, M.F. 2008. “Diversitas semut (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) di beberapa
ketinggian vertical di kawasan Cagar alam Telaga warna, Jawa Barat”.
Tesis. PPs-IPB. Bogor.
Norman, K. and Basri, M.W. 1992. “A survey of current status and control of
nettle caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) in Malaysia (1981–1990)”.
PORIMO casional Paper (35): 30 pp.
Norman, K., Basri, M W and Zulkefli M. 1998. Handbook of Common Parasitoid
and Predator Associated with Bagworm and Nettle Caterpillars in oil
Palm Plantations. PORIM, Bangi: 29 pp.
Noss, R. F. 1990.“Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical
approach”. Journal Conservation Biology 4: 355-364.
O’Donnell S. and Jeanne R.L .1992. “The effects of colony characteristics on life
span and foraging behavior of individual wasps (Polybia occidentalis,
Hymenoptera, Vespidae)”. Journal Insectes Sociaux (39): 73–80.
Odum, E.P. 1998. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi. 4rd ed. Yogyakarta. Gadjah Mada
University Press.
Offenberg J, Cuc N.TT, and Wiwatwitaya D. 2013. “The effectiveness of weaver
ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) biocontrol in Southeast Asian citrus and
mango”. Journal Asian myrmecology 5:139–149.
Offenberg, J. and. Wiwatwitaya, D. 2010. “Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla
smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effect on worker ant density”.
Journal Asian myrmecology 3: 55-62.
Palimbong, P. 2010. “Kelapa sawit dan Ulat api”. http://reocities.com/ Area51
/Vault/1534/april/07/berita35362. diakses 15 Desember 2010, pukul
13:20 wib.
146
Paris, C.I., M.G. Polo, C. Garbagnoli, P. Martinez, G. S. de Ferre, and P.J.
Folgarait. 2008. “Litter decomposition and soil organisms within and
outside of Camponotus punctulatus nests in sown pasture in Northeastern
Argentina”. Journal Application Soil Ecology 40: 271 – 282.
Parr C.L, and Gibb H. 2010. Competition and the role of dominant ants. In:
Lach L, Parr CL, Abbott KL (ed.), Ant Ecology. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Peck S.L, B. Mcquaid, B. And C. L. Campbel. 1998. “Using Ant Species
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as a Biological Indicator of Agroecosystem
Condition”. Journal Environment Entomology 27(5): 1102-1110.
Peeters, C. and Andersen, A. N. 1989. “Cooperation between dealate queens
during colony foundation in the green tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina”.
Journal Psyche 96: 39-44.
Peng RK, Christian K, Gibb K. 1998a. “How many queens are there in mature
colonies of the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius). Australia”
Journal Entomologi 37:249–253.
------------------------------------------. 1998b. “Locating queen ant nests in the green
ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)”. Journal Insect
Soc 45:477–480.
Perfecto, I and Snelling. R. 1995. “Biodiversity and the Transformation of a
Tropical Agroecosystem: Ants in Coffee Plantations”. Journal of
Ecological Application 5(4):1084-1097.
Pfeiffer M, Tuck, H.C and Lay T.C, 2008. “Exploring arboreal ant community
composition and co-occurrence patterns in plantations of oil palm Elaeis
guineensis in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia”. Journal Ecography
31(1): 21–32.
Pfeiffer, M. and Linsenmair, K.E. 2007. “Trophobiosis in a tropical rainforest on
Borneo: giant ants Camponotus gigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) herd
wax cicadas Bythopsyrna circulata (Auchenorrhyncha: Flatidae)”.
Journal Asian myrmecology 1:105-119.
Philpott, S.M. and I. Armbrecht. 2006. “Biodiversity in tropical agroforests and
the ecological role of ants and ant diversity in predatory function”.
Journal Compilation. Journal The royal Entomologycal Society. 31, 369377.
Pierre, E.M. 2013. “An ecological study of Pteroma pendula (Lepidoptera:
Psychidae) in oil palm plantations with emphasis on the predatory
activities of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the
147
bagworm”. disertasi Institute of Biological Science Faculty of Science
University of Malaya Kuala lumpur: 135.
Pineda,E. Claudio, M., Federico, E., and G. Halffter. 2004. “Frog, Bat, and Dung
Beetle Diversity in the Cloud Forest and Coffee Agroecosystems of
Veracruz, Mexico”. Journal Conservation Biology, 19 (2): 400–410.
Potter, L and Lee, J. 1998. “Oil Palm in Indonesia: its role in forest conversion
and the Trends, Impactsand Directions, Center for International Forestry
Research”. Occasional Paper No 18,CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Prawirosukarto, S., L. Pane, A. Wahyu, T. Liwang. 2005. “The implementation
of IPM on the management of nettle caterpillars and bagworms in Sinar
Mas Group oil palm plantation: Optimizing the use and conservation of
natural enemies”, in: Proceedings of the Technical Meeting for Oil Palm
Cultivation.
Primack, R.B, dan J. Supriatna. 1998. Biologi Konservasi. Yayasan Obor
Indonesia. Jakarta.(viii+345).
Purba, R.Y., A. Susanto dan Sudharto P. 2005. Hama-hama pada kelapa sawit.
buku 1. serangga hama pada kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa
Sawit. Medan. 29.
Putra, N.S. H. Yasuda and S, Sato. 2009. “Oviposition preference of two hover
fly species in response to risk of intra guild predation”. Journal
Application Entomology and Ecology 44: 29-36.
Putranto, 2013. Kaya dengan bertani kelapa sawit. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Baru
Press.
Resh, V. H., and E. P. McElravy. 1993. Contemporary quantitative approaches to
biomonitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates, pp. 159-194. In D. M.
osenberg and V. H. Resh [eds.], Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic
macroinvertebrates. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Room,P.M. 1971. “The relative distribution of ant species in Ghana’s cocoa
farms”. Journal Animal Ecology 40:735–751.
Ruano, F. Alberto, T. And Juan Jose, S. 2000. “High surface temperatur select for
individual foraging ants”. Journal Behavioral Ecology 11: 396-404.
Sabu, T.K., and Vinod, K.V., 2009. “Food preferences of the rubber plantation
litter beetle, Luprops tristis, a nuisance pest in rubber tree plantations”.
Journal of Insect Science (9):72.
148
Sanders,N.J, G M. Crutsinger, R.R. Dunn, J. D. Majer and J.H. C. Delabie,. 2007.
“An ant mosaic revisited: dominant ant species disassemble arboreal ant
communities but co-occur randomly”. Journal Biotropica: 1744-7429.
Schoereder, J.H., Tathiana G. Sobrinho, Carla R. Ribas Renata B. F. Campos.
2004. “Colonization and extinction of ant communities in a fragmented
landscape”. Journal Australia Ecololgy 29 (4): 391-398.
Schonberg, L.A., Longino, J.T., Nadkarni, N.M. Yanoviak, S.P. 2004. “Arboreal
ants species richness in primary forest, secondary forest and pasture
habitats of a tropical montane landscape”. Journal Biotropica 36: 402409.
Schultz, T. R. and Mc. Glynn, T. P. 2000. The interaction of ants with other
organisms./ In: Agosti, D., Majer, J., Alonso, E. (eds), Ants: standard
methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Smithsonian
Institution Press, pp. 35-/44.
Shattuck, S.O. 2000. Australia Ants. Their Biology and Indetification Vol 3.
Collingwood Australia. CSIRO Publication.
Simanjuntak D. dan A.Susanto. 2012. “Penyakit kering pelepah pada tanaman
kelapa sawit di provinsi Kalimantan Timur dan Sumatera Utara”. Jurnal
Fitopatologi Indonesia 9(3): 95-98.
Sitthicharoenchai, D. and Naratip, C. 2006. “Ant species diversity in the
establishing area for advanced technology institute at lai-nan sub-district,
wiang sa district, nan province, Thailand”. The Natural History Journal
of Chulalongkorn University 6 (2): 67-74.
Stapley, J.H. 1973. “Insect pests of coconuts in the Pacific region”. Outlook on
Agriculture 7(5): 211 - 217.
Steel R, G, D. and J.H. Torrie. 1989. Principles and Procedures of Statistics with
Special Reference to the Biological Science. New York. Mc. Graw Hill
Book Co. Inc.
Suarez, A. V., D. T. Bolger, and T. J. Case. 1998. “Effects of fragmentation and
invasion on native ant communities in coastal southern California”.
Journal Ecology 79:2041–2056.
Subagiya, Himawati, M.K dan S. Widono. 2009. “Pengendalian Pengendalian
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Vektor Penyakit CVPD) Pada Tanaman
Jeruk Di Karanganyar Dengan Agen Hayati Oecophylla Smaragdina L”.
Laporan Penelitian. Universitas Sebelas Maret. DLS: 40.
Sucipta, 1994. Dasar-dasar Ekologi Hewan. Depdikbud. Yogyakarta.
149
Sudharto P.S., Z.A. Aini, C. U. Ginting, dan B. Papierok. 1998. “Perkembangan
jamur Cordyceps aff. Militaris pada dedak padi dan patogenisitasnya
terhadap kepompong Setothosea asigna van Eecke”. Jurnal Penelitian
Kelapa Sawit 6 (2): 141-151.
Sudharto, P.S. 2001. Hama Tanaman Kelapa Sawit dan cara Pengendaliannya.
Pusat Penelitian Perkebunan Marihat, Pematang Siantar, Indonesia.
Suhara.
2009. “Semut Rangrang (Oecophylla smaragdina)”. website:
http://file.upi.edu/direktori/FMIPA/Jur.Pend.Biologi/ Diakses: Kamis, 14
Oktober 2013 Pukul 13.00 WIB.
Suin, N. 2002. Metoda Ekologi. Universitas Andalas Press. Padang.
Sunjaya, P.I. 1970. Dasar-Dasar Serangga. Bagian Ilmu Hama Tanaman
Pertanian. Bogor: IPB.
Susanto, A. 2011. Pengelolaan Ulat dan Ulat Kantong pada Tanaman Kelapa
Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Medan.
Susanto, A. dan A.E. Prasetyo. 2009. Ulat Pemakan Daun Kelapa Sawit Jenis
Kerusakan dan Pengendaliannya. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Medan.
Susanto, A., A.P. Dongoran, A. Yanti, F. Lubis dan A.E. Prasetyo. 2005.
“Pengurangan Populasi larva O. rhynocerus pada sistem lubang tanam
besar”. Jurnal Penelitian kelapa Sawit –PPKS, Marihat 13 (1): 1-9.
Syed R.A. 1978. “Bionomics of three important species of bagworm in oil palm”.
Malaysian Agricultural Journal 51(4): 392-398.
Syed, R.A. 1981a. “Pollinating Thrips of oil palm in West Malaysia”. Journal
Planter. 52: 62-81.
---------------. 1981b. “Insect pollination of palm oil: feasibility of introducing Oil
Palm in Agriculture in the Eighties”. Kuala Lumpur, Incorporated
Society of Planters.
--------------. 1982a. “Insect pollination of oil palm: introduction, establishment
and pollinating eficiency of Elaeidobius kamerunicus in Malaysia”.
Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (mimeo): 1-34.
--------------. 1982b. “Insect pollination of oil palm. di dalam Elaeidobius
kamerunicus Fst di Pusat Penelitian Marihat”. Laporan Pertemuan
Diskusi 4 Agustus 1982 di edit oleh Ir. Ch.Hutauruk. Pusat Penelitian
Marihat, Marihat Ulu-Pem.Siantar: 1-37.
Terrell, C. R., and P. B. Perfetti. 1989. Water Quality indicators guide: surface
waters. U.S. Dep. Agric. Soil Conserv. Serv. SCS-TP-161.
150
Tiong, R.C.H., and Munroe, D.D. 1977. “Proceeding Internatinal Palm Oil
Confrence”. No. 41:1-16.
Tsuji, K., Hasyim, A., and Nakamura, K. 2004. “Asian weaver ants, Oecophylla
smaragdina and their repelling of pollinators”. Journal Ecological
Research, 19 (6): 669 - 673.
Van Itterbeeck J, Sivongxay N, Praxaysombath B, van Huis A. 2015.
“Preliminary observations on gravid queen protection in Oecophylla
smaragdina: evacuation and retinue function”. Journal Asian
Myrmecology (in press) Mele P.V. (2008).
Varley, O.C., O.R. Gradwell and M.P. Hasell. 1973. Insect population ecology an
analitical approach. Black well scientific publications. Osney mead,
Oxford.
Wang C, Strazanac J and Butler L. 2000. “Abundance, diversity, and activity of
ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in oak─dominated mixed appalachian
forest treated with microbial pesticides”. Journal Environment Ecology
29 (3):579-586.
Wanger, T.C., Rauf, A. and Schwarze, S. 2010. “Pesticides and tropical
biodiversity”. Journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8: 178–
179.
Ward, P.S. 2001. “Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus
Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian
regions”. Journal Invertebrate Taxonomy 15:589-665.
Waterhouse, D. F., and Norris, K.R. 1987. Biological Control Pacific Prospects.
Melbourne: Inkata Press: viii+454.
Way, M.J, and K.C. Khoo. 1992. “Role of Ants in Pest-management”. Annu. Rev.
Entoology 37: 479-503.
Wenying, Y., Wen Z., Zang L., Chen C., Li F., Zhang W., Tong X.,Tang J., and
Li S. 2000. Pictorial keys to soil animal of China. New York-Beijing.
Science press.
Wigena, IGP. Hermanto Siregar, Sudrajat dan Santun R.P. sitorus. 2009. “Desain
model Pengelolaan Kebun Kelapa Sawit Plasma Berkelanjutan Berbasis
Pendekatan Sistem Dinamis (Studi Kasus Kebun Kelapa sawit Plasma
PTPN V Sei Pagar, Kab. Kampar, Riau)”. Jurnal Agro ekonomi
(27:1):81-108.
Wigglesworth, V.B. 1972. The Principles of Insect Physiology. Seventh Edition.
Chapman and Hall. London.
151
Wilson, E. O. 1964. “The true army ants of the Indo-Australian area
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae)”. Journal Pacific Insects 6: 427483.
Wilson, E.O. 1971. The insect societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Wilson, E.O., 1987. “Causes of ecological success: The case of the ants”. The
Journal of Animal Ecology 56: 1 – 9.
Wood B. 2002. “Pest control in Malaysia’s perenial crops: a half century
Perspective tracking the pathway to integrated pest management”.
Integr Pest Manag Rev 7: 173-190.
Yahya, B.E.B., 2000. The Use of Three Insect Group as Biological Indicator in
Three habitats of Sabah. School Science and Technology, University
Sabah, Malaysia.
Yamane, S. 2013. “A review of the ant fauna of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia”.
Bulletin of Kitakyushu Museum National History and Human History,
Series A, 11, 1–66.
Yulminarti, S. Salmah dan T.S.S. Subahar, 2012. “Jumlah Jenis dan Jumlah
Individu Semut di Tanah Gambut Alami dan Tanah Gambut Perkebunan
Sawit di Sungai Pagar, Riau”. Journal Biospecies 5 (2): 21 – 27.