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Diagrams for the Digestive System Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of the Digestive System Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Jejunum Small intestine Ileum Anus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Salivary glands Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Large intestine Vermiform appendix Anal canal Figure 23.1 Structure of the Stomach Cardiac Region Fundus Esophagus Serosa Body Lesser curvature Lumen Rugae of mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pyloric canal Pyloric sphincter (valve) at pylorus Figure 23.14a Small Intestine Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Vein carrying blood to hepatic portal vessel Muscle layers Villi Lumen Plicae circularis (circular folds) (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.22a Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas and Associated Ducts Falciform ligament Common hepatic duct Bile duct and sphincter Cystic duct Gallbladder Major duodenal papilla Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Duodenum Figure 23.21 Cross Section of the Small Intestine Gland in mucosa Lymphatic Duct of gland outside vessel alimentary canal Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Glands in submucosa Mucosa • Epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscularis mucosae Submucosa Muscularis externa • Longitudinal muscle • Circular muscle Serosa • Epithelium • Connective tissue Lumen Peyer’s Patch (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in jejunum) Figure 23.6 The Colon Right colic (hepatic) flexure Left colic (splenic) flexure Transverse colon Epiploic appendages Descending colon Haustrum Ascending colon IIeum Teniae coli IIeocecal valve Cecum Vermiform appendix Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal (a) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. External anal sphincter Figure 23.29a Teeth Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Enzymes Become Non-Functional at pH Extremes and High Temperatures H H OH- + + (products formed per second) Enzymatic rate + H + H H + H + OH- + = denatured, non-functional enzyme Enzyme within Enzyme from Reaction rate is slow a body cell OH at cold temperatures hot springs because molecules bacterium OH encounter enzyme less often OHOH- H + H OH- H + + OH- H OH- + H H + + H OH- + 0 = folded, functional enzyme 2 4 6 8 10 pH (in pH units) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (products formed per second) H Enzyme within a body cell 12 Enzymatic rate Stomach enzyme 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature (oC) 70 Hydrolysis Breaks Polymers into Smaller Building Blocks (Monomers) Build up by Condensation or dehydration HO OH HOH (H2O) HO HO OH O OH O HOH (H2O) Monomers (simple units) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Break down by Hydrolysis Polymer (chain of simple units) Salivary Amylase Experiment for Starch Digestion substrate glu glu glu glu glu glu + H2O amylase glu glu various treatments Is starch still present? 1 drop sample + IKI (Purple if starch present) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Is maltose now present? glu glu Maltose 3 drops of Benedict’s, boiled for 5 minutes (test for free glucose) Trypsin Experiment for Protein Digestion substrate aa aa aa aa aa aa + H2O various treatments Could trypsin cut the peptide bonds? Yellow Hydrolysis (cutting of peptide bonds by trypsin) turns solution yellow Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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