Download 3.Evaluation, description and importance of grapes

EVOLUTION, DESCRIPTION AND IMPORTANCE
OF GRAPES
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Botanical Name : Vitis viniferLinn.
Family : Vitaceae
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Evolution
 Grape is a crop closely associated with history of human
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civilization.
It is one of the most ancient plants, cultivated by man.
Great age of this plant is confirmed by remnant leaves and seeds
discovered in deposits.
Viticulture referring to grape culture is a very old art.
References on this fruit and wine made out of it are seen in Bible
other authentic literatures indicating extent of antiquity.
Egyptian literatures referring to viticulture date back to 5000-6000
years.
Middle Eastern and Mediterranean people were using grapes and
wine even before the Christian era as evidenced by historical
references.
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 Wine from grapes was a beverage of aristocrats and upper class in
ancient Europe. Wine is symbolic of blood of life in several religions
and grapes as such are symbolic of charity.
 History of Indian viticulture shows a beginning by about 2600 years
ago. Mention is made in ancient Indian literature and medical
treatises written during 400 BC to 650 AD.
 Mention about grape growing in India can be seen in Sanskrit
literature, viz., Arthashastra', 'Charak Samhita' and 'Sushruta'.
Reports indicate references of grape in India by various travelers, Ibn
Batuta (1430 AD) and Thevenot. Commercial varieties were
introduced in India by invaders of Iran and Afghanistan.
 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq introduced 'Bhokri', 'Fakhri' and 'Sahebi'
cultivars in 1338. Despite the long histony and wide genetic diversity,
commercial cultivation of grapes in India had beginning only during
early 20th century.
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South Indian viticulture started only around 1940.
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 Botanists suggested two centres of origin for grapes.
 The American grapes, including Vitis labirusca, other species of
Euvitis and Muscadinia originated in North American region where
the largest collection of native Vitis species occurs.
 Vitis vinifera, the European grape originated primarily in Caucasus
region between Caspian sea and Black sea).
 Vitis vinifera has its secondary centre of origin in Northwestern
Himalayas, South Europe and Western Asia.
 Botanists could not find out any evidence to point out exact date of
arrival of grape vine in the Himalayas or India.
 Grape culture first began in Asia Minor, from where it spread
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towards West and East/directions.
Spreading of wine grapes to Southern and Central Europe took
place in a fast pace.
Simultaneously table and raisin grapes were introduced to
countries of North Africa and Mediterranean countries.
(Cont)…
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 Further spread of grape culture was towards Turkey, Iran, Pakistan
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and India.
Wine grapes were first introduced to California in 1690s.
Table and raisin cultivars reached Europe only in 1850. W.
Thompson, a grower of Yuba City introduced a seedless table and
raisin cultivar 'Thompson seedless' in 1872.
American grapes moved sporadically to Europe and Asia after
discovery of sea route to America.
Vilis vinifeara was introduced to Philippines during 1958 from
California.
Iran and Afghanisthan invaders introduced commercial varieties of
grapes in India by about 1300 AD.
Christian Missionaries from France were responsible for
introduction of grapes in South India during 1830s.
Based on grape production statistics, the top ten countries of the
world are Italy, France, USA, Spain, China, Turkey, Iran,
Argentina, Australia and Chile.
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PRESENT STATUS OF GRAPE CULTIVATION IN THE
COUNTRY
Grape is grown under a variety of soil and climatic conditions
in three distinct agro-climatic zones, namely,
 Sub-tropical climatic regions ,
 Hot tropical climatic regions and
 Mild tropical climatic regions in India.
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Sub-tropical Region
 This region covers the northwestern plains corresponding to 28°
and 32° N latitude including Delhi; Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh;
Hissar and Jind districts of Haryana; and Bhatinda, Ferozpur,
Gurdaspur and Ludhiana districts of Punjab.
 Vines undergo dormancy and bud break starts in the first week of
March while the rains arrive in the first week of June, and therefore,
only 90-95 days are available from the initiation of growth to
harvest.
 Consequently, ‘Perlette’ is the only early ripening variety grown
in this region.
 Rain damage is a problem with Thompson Seedless in this
region.
 Single pruning and a single harvest is the accepted practice
here.
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Hot Tropical Region
• This region covers Nashik, Sangli, Solapur, Pune, Satara, Latur and
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Osmanabad districts of Maharashtra; Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy,
Mahbubnagar, Anantapur and Medak districts of Andhra Pradesh; and
Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum, Gulberga districts of northern Karnataka lying
between 15° and 20° N latitude.
This is the major viticulture region accounting for 70 percent of the area
under grapes in the country.
Vines do not undergo dormancy and double pruning and a single harvest is
the general practice in this region.
Maximum and minimum temperature is 42°C and 8°C, respectively.
The major problems in this region are soil and water salinity and drought.
Berry growth is impaired and in certain locations pink blush sometimes
develops on green berries due to temperatures that drop to a low of 8°C.
Thompson Seedless and its clones (Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka), Anab-eShahi, Sharad Seedless and Flame Seedless are the varieties grown in
this region.
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Mild Tropical Region
 An area covered by 10° and 15° N latitude including Bangalore and
Kolar districts of Karnataka; Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and
Coimbatore; and Madurai and Theni districts of Tamil Nadu fall in this
region.
 Maximum temperatures in a year seldom exceed 36°C, while the
minimum is about 12°C.
 Principal varieties are Bangalore Blue (Syn. Isabella), Anab-eShahi, Gulabi (Syn. Muscat Hamburg), and Bhokri.
 Thompson Seedless is grown only with limited success. Except for
Thompson Seedless, two crops are harvested in a year.
 Vinifera varieties susceptible to mildew suffer losses due to
unprecedented rains during flowering and fruit set in both hot and mild
tropical regions.
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Area and production of different varieties of grapes in
India is as follows:
Variety
Area (ha)
Production (t)
Anab-e-Shahi (white, seeded)
3,000
135,000
Bangalore Blue Syn. Isabella
4,500
180,000
Bhokri (white, seeded)
500
15,000
Flame Seedless (red, seedless)
500
10,000
Gulabi Syn. Muscat Hamburg
1,000
30,000
Perlette (white, seedless)
1,500
60,000
Sharad Seedless - A mutant of
1,000
20,000
22,000
550,000
34,000
1,000,000
(black, seeded)
(purple, seeded)
Kishmish
Chorni
(black,
seedless)
Thomson
Seedless
and
its
mutants (white, seedless)
Total
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Approximately 85 percent of the total production, irrespective of
the variety, is consumed fresh.
About 120,000 tonnes of Thompson Seedless and its mutants,
namely, Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik Chaman are dried for
raisins.
Some 20,000 tonnes of Bangalore Blue are crushed to make juice,
and 10,000 tonnes of Bangalore Blue, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay, Merlot, Pinot Noir and Uni Blanc are
crushed to process into wine.
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Grapes in Tamil Nadu
 Grapes occupies fifth position amongst the fruit crops grown in
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India, with a production of 1.08 MT from an area of 0.04 million ha.
In Tamil Nadu, grape is cultivated in an area of about 2,475 ha in
the districts of Theni, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Dharmapuri,
Tirunelveli, Madurai and Trichy.
Nearly 90 per cent of the grape growing area in Tamil Nadu is
dominated by the cultivar Muscat (Syn: Muscat Hamburg, Panneer
Dhiraksha, Gulabi).
The seedless cultivar ‘Thompson seedless’ is also grown to a
lesser extent in Theni District.
A unique type of staggered pruning in the cultivar ‘Muscat’ is
practiced in the Cumbum Valley of Theni District which together
with the congenial climatic conditions prevailing in this tract
favours harvesting of five crops in two years.
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• Cumbum Valley is a major centre for grape production with
4,000 small farmers producing over 90,000 tonnes of Muscat
grapes, known locally as "Panneer Dhiraksha" and about
10,000 tonnes of Thomson Seedless grapes.
• The unique feature here is that the grapes are harvested
throughout the year, while in most grape growing centres
elsewhere the season ends with summer.
• Approximately, 85 percent of the total production of Tamil Nadu,
irrespective of the variety is consumed afresh.
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Description
 Plant grows as a vine demanding some type of support for growth.
Root system is spreading and descending type.
 Feeder roots are confined up to 25 cm depth and up to 60 -120 cm
away from trunk.
 Trunk is a permanent stem of vine on which whole framework is
based.
 After pruning, succulent current season's growth arises from buds
called as 'shoots', which when become woody, mature and dormant
are known as 'canes'.
 Leaves of grape vine are cordate shaped and palmately lobed. Buds
of vine may be of different types such as vegetative, bearing shoots
only or floral bud bearing both shoots and cluster and may be either
apical or axillary.
 Tendrils of vine are shoots, which have common origin with clusters.
 Euvitis has bi-fid or forked tendrils and Muscadinia has unified ones.
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A grape vine has different types of shoots as follows:
 New growth of current season – shoot
 Past seasons mature shoot - cane
 Side branch from shoot/ cane - lateral
 Basal portion of cane left after pruning - spur
 Spur intended to bear fruits - fruit spur
 Canes cut back to one-two buds to induce vegetative growth renewal spur
 Main stem of plant - Trunk
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• Inflorescences in cultivated grapes
are branched 'cymes', each branch
ending in a terminal flower.
• Sometimes peduncle consists of un
branched tendrils along with flowers.
• In general, flowers are
hermaphrodite, though some of the
wild grapes still possess male and
female flowers on separate vines.
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Varieties are grouped as self fertile, self-sterile and partly selfsterile, based on fertility status.
Stamens of self-fertile varieties are erect and those of self-sterile
are reflexed.
Partial self-sterility is usually due to nature of pollen.
Aborted pollen occurs in both sterile and fertile forms, but in fertile
forms, abundance of potent pollen is seen which results in
successful pollination.
Pollen sterility in grapes can be artificially induced by applying
maleic hydrazide (500-750ppm) to developing panicle to avoid
emasculation in hybridization programmes.
Fruit is a berry showing variation in physical and chemical
characters.
Colour of fruits range from greenish, purplish, reddish or bluish
black.
Shape varies from ovoid to globose. Berries are sweet, sometimes
acidic and seeded ones possess 2 - 4 seeds.
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Composition and importance
 Fruits are berries consisting of skin, pulp and seeds.
 Seedless varieties are also prevalent.
 Fruit skin accounts for 5 - 12 % and seeds 0 - 10 % of total fruit
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weight on an average.
Seeds are rich in tannins (5-8%) and oil (0-20%).
Juice content of fruits depends on pulpiness of variety, stage of
ripeness, berry size, presence or absence of seeds and efficiency
of extraction method used.
Grape is a refreshing fruit, rich in sugars, acids, minerals, vitamins and
tannins.
Major constituents of fruits are carbohydrates (15%), minerals (0.20.6
%), organic acids (0.3-1.5 %), nitrogenous compounds (0.03 - 0.7 %),
iron (0.003-0.0017%), calcium (0.004-0.025 %), potassium (0.150.25 %), vitamin A (1-80 microgram), vitamin B complex (391-636
mg/100g) and vitamin C (1-12.5 mg/100g)
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o Predominant sugar in grape berries is fructose followed by glucose
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and sucrose.
Vitis champini and V.doaniana are two species in which berries
have more glucose than fructose.
Tartaric and malic acids constitute 90% or more of total acidity of
fruits.
Ammonium cations, amino acids, hexose, amines, pep tides,
proteins and nucleic acids constitute nitrogenous compounds in
pulp.
Vitamin B complex fraction of berries includes thiamine, riboflavin,
pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, inositol, biotin and folic
acid.
Grape berries contain oxidizing enzymes like polyphenol oxidase,
phenolase, phosphatase, proteinase and sucrase, mainly seen in
berry skin.
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Tannins are present in skin and seeds of berries, which influence
palatability -of fruits and products.
They impart astringency to juice and wine, but also help to stabilize
colour of wine.
Pigments are seen only in berry skins in general, the major ones
being anthocyanidins (red, blue, purple and black).
Cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidinand malvidin are the five
anthocyanins identified.
Guercetrin, a flavone and its glycoside quercitron, a flavanol are
yellow pigments seen in white and red grapes, oxidation of which
imparts amber blush.
While ripening, grapes develop volatile compounds like methyl
anthranilate, which give special aroma for them.
Vinifera varieties have specific Muscat aroma on ripening.
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Uses
 Grapes are known for their medicinal values also.
 Historically 'grape therapy' was used to treat cancer.
 In 1996, scientists discovered the chemical constituent,
resveratol in grapes that shows anti - carcinogenic activity and it
has been proved to inhibit tumors by stopping DNA damage and
slowing cell transformation from normal to cancerous state
which in turn slows tumor growth.
 Resveraltol has anti - inflammatory properties and is very useful
for colon cancer prevention and a wide variety of other tumors.
 Red wine consumption is associated with lower LDL (bad
cholesterol) and higher HDL (good cholesterol).
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