Download Where Is the World`s Population Distributed?

Chapter 2 Lecture
The Cultural Landscape
Eleventh Edition
Population and
Health
Matthew Cartlidge
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes
• 2.1.1: Describe regions where population is
clustered and where it is sparse.
• 2.1.2: Define three types of density used in
population geography.
• 2.2.1: Understand how to measure population
growth through the nature increase rate.
• 2.2.2: Understand how to measure births and
deaths through CBR and CDR.
• 2.2.3: Understand how to read a population
pyramid.
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Learning Outcomes
• 2.3.1: Describe the four stages of the
demographic transition.
• 2.3.2: Summarize two approaches to
reducing birth rates.
• 2.3.3: Summarize Malthus’s argument
about the relationship between population
and resources.
• 2.3.4: Summarize the possible stage 5 of
the demographic transition.
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Learning Outcomes
• 2.4.1: Summarize the four stages of the
epidemiologic transition.
• 2.4.2: Summarize the reasons for a
possible stage 5 of the epidemiologic
transition.
• 2.4.3: Understand reasons for variations in
health care.
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
• Population Concentrations
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
• Population Concentrations
– 2/3 of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in
four regions.
Europe
East Asia
South Asia
S.E. Asia
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
– Site and Situation of Population Clusters
• Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate
climate
• Near an ocean or near a river with easy access to
an ocean.
Food
Water
Trade
(jobs)
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
FIGURE 2-2 POPULATION CARTOGRAM In a cartogram, countries
are displayed by size of population rather than land area.
What is the “false impression” with this map??
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
People are not distributed uniformly across Earth’s surface.
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
• Sparsely Populated Regions
– Humans avoid clustering in certain physical
environments.
•
•
•
•
Dry Lands
Wet Lands
Cold Lands
High Lands
Nonecumene
– Places considered too harsh for occupancy
have diminished over time….Why???
• Places of permanent human settlement are termed
the ecumene.
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Non-Ecumene
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Ecumene
Google Earth
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse.
Seven thousand years ago
Even 500 years ago much of North
America and Asia lay outside the
ecumene.
Still, approximately three-fourths
of the world’s population live on
only 5 percent of Earth’s surface.
The balance of Earth’s surface
consists of oceans (about 71
percent) and less intensively
inhabited land.
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World Population Growth over time…
Watch the Ecumene…
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.2: Define three types of density used in population geography
.
• Population Density
– Density can be computed in up to three ways for
a place.
1. Arithmetic Density
– Total number of objects in an area
– Computation: Divide the population by the land area
2. Physiological Density
– Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
– Computation: Divide the population by the arable land area
3. Agricultural Density
– Ratio of the number of farmers to amount of arable land
– Computation: Divide the population of farmers by the arable
land area
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.2: Define three types of density used in population geography
.
ARITHMETIC DENSITY Geographers rely on the arithmetic density to compare conditions in different countries because the two
pieces of information–total population and total land area–are easy to obtain. The highest arithmetic densities are found in Asia,
Europe, and Central America. The lowest are in North and South America and South Pacific.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.2: Define three types of density used in population geography
.
ARITHMETIC DENSITY Geographers rely on the arithmetic density to compare conditions in different countries because the two
pieces of information–total population and total land area–are easy to obtain. The highest arithmetic densities are found in Asia,
Europe, and Central America. The lowest are in North and South America and South Pacific.
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.2: Define three types of density used in population geography
.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY Physiological density provides insights into the relationship between the size of a population and
the availability of resources in a region. The relatively large physiological densities of Egypt and the Netherlands
demonstrates that crops grown on a hectare of land in these two countries must feed far more people than in the United States or
Canada, which have much lower physiological densities. The highest physiological densities are found in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa,
and South America. The lowest are in North America, Europe, and South Pacific.
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
2.1.2: Define three types of density used in population geography
.
AGRICULTURAL DENSITY The population density measured as the number of farmers per unit area of arable
land. The highest agricultural densities are found in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The lowest are in North America,
Europe, and South Pacific.
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2.1 Reflection Questions/Discussion
Reflection Questions:
• 2.1.1: Why isn’t North America one of the four major population clusters?
• 2.1.2: Name a country other than Egypt that has high physiological and
agricultural densities.
Thinking Geographically Questions
• 2.1: Scientists disagree about the effects on high density on human
behavior. Some laboratory tests have shown that rats display evidence of
increased aggressiveness, competition, and violence when very large
numbers of them are placed in a box. Does very high density cause humans
to behave especially aggressively or violently?
Google Earth Question (see image on p.74 of your text)
• Egypt’s very high physiological and agricultural densities can be seen from
the air. What do the brown and green features represent? Would you expect
to find most agriculture in the brown area or the green area? Why?
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Key Issues Review
• Where is the world population distributed?
2.1.1: Describe regions where population is
clustered and where it is sparse.
2.1.2: Define three types of density used in
population geography.
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For Friday:
• Complete 2.2 Reflections
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Human Geography
Population
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Population: World Patterns, Regional Trends
Insert figure CO4
Source100 people Library of Congress
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Human Geography 9eHuman Geography 10e
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Human Geography 9eHuman Geography 10e
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Human Geography 9eHuman Geography 10e
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Human Geography 9eHuman Geography 10e
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Population Geography
•
Provides the background tools
and understanding of
population data such as??:
–
–
–
–
Numbers of people
Age of people
Sex distribution of people
Patterns of fertility and
mortality
– Density
•
Facilitating understanding:
–
–
–
–
–
How the people in a given area
live,
how they may interact with one
another,
how they use the land,
what pressure on resources
exists, and
what the future may bring
• Population Geography differs
from demography, the
statistical study of human
population, in its concern with
spatial analysis – the
relationship of the numbers to
area…the “why???”
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Some Population Definitions:
• Crude Birth Rates (CBR)
– The annual number of live
births per 1000 population
– It is “crude” because…
…it relates births to total
population without regard to the
age or sex composition of the
population
Insert figure 4.2
© Photodisc/Getty RF
Birthrate explained (video)
World Birth rates
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????
World birth rate map
FIGURE 2-11 CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR )
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Some Population Definitions
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
– Measure also used by
geographers to measure
number of births in a society.
– Defined as the average
number of children a woman
will have throughout her
childbearing years (15–49)
Insert figure 4.6
– TFR for world is 2.5.
– TFR exceeds 5 in sub-Saharan
Africa, while 2 or less in nearly
all European countries.
Fertility rates
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FIGURE 2-12 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)
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Some Population Definitions
• Crude Death Rate (CBR)…Why Crude?
– Also called mortality rate
– The annual number of deaths per 1000 population
– In the past, a valid generalization was that death rate varied with
national levels of development
• Characteristically, highest rates were found in the less developed countries
• Nowadays, countries with a high proportion of elderly people, such as
Denmark and Sweden, would be expected to have higher death rates than
those with a high proportion of young people
– World Death Rates
…And again…Why Crude??
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FIGURE 2-13 CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
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Some Population Definitions
• Infant Mortality Rate
– The ratio of deaths of
infants aged 1 year or
under per 1000 live
births.
– Infant mortality rates are
significant in recent years
because…
• it is at these ages that the
greatest declines in
mortality have occurred,
largely as a result of the
increased availability of
health services
Human Geography 11e
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Insert figure 4.8
Some Population Definitions
• Maternal Mortality
Ratio
– Maternal deaths per
100,000 live births
– Maternal mortality is
the single greatest
health disparity
between developed
and developing
countries
Insert figure TA 4.2
South Sudan
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Population Growth
• Rate of Natural Increase
Computation: CBR – CDR = NIR
– Derived by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate
– Natural means that increases or decreases due to migration are not
included
- About 82 million people are added to the population of the world annually.
- Rate of natural increase affects the doubling time– number of years needed to double
the population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
1.2% = 54 years = 24 billion by 2100
More than 95 percent of the natural
increase is clustered in developing
countries
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Why Is Global Population Increasing?
• Summary of Spatial Patterns
– Developed Countries
• Lower rates of…
–
–
–
–
Natural increase
Crude birth
Total fertility
Infant mortality
– Developing Countries
• Higher rates of…
–
–
–
–
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Natural increase
Crude birth
Total fertility
Infant mortality
Why Is Global Population Increasing?
• Population Structure
– Fertility and mortality vary not only spatially but also temporally
within a country.
– A special bar graph known as a population pyramid can visually
display a country’s distinctive population structure.
• X-axis
– Percent male displayed to the left of zero
– Percent female displayed to the right of zero
• Y-axis
– Age cohorts typically grouped in 5-year intervals
– Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top
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Population Pyramids
Insert figure 4.9
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Why Is Global Population Increasing?
• Population Structure
– Dependency Ratio
• Defined as the number of people who are too
young or too old to work, compared to the number
of people in their productive years.
– People aged 0 to 14 and over 65 years old are
considered dependents.
– Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden
on the working class.
» 85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in
Europe.
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FIGURE 2-14 POPULATION PYRAMIDS FOR THE UNITED STATES AND
SELECTED U.S. COMMUNITIES
Baby Boomers
University of Kansas
higher percentages of
young people
high percentage of elderly
people, especially women
What if,,,
…this pyramid were for a country?
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Population Structure
SEX RATIO: the number of males per 100 females in the population
Developed countries
have more females
than males, because
they tend to live 7
years longer.
A map of the percentage of people over age 65 would show a reverse pattern,
with the highest percentages in Europe and the lowest in Africa and Southwest
Asia.
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FIGURE 2-8 WORLD POPULATION THROUGH HISTORY
How do we explain
Regional and World
population growth??
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The Demographic Transition
Demographic Transition Video
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Hans Rosling on
Demographic transition
and population
The Demographic Transition
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Hans Rosling on
Demographic transition
and population
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Why Does Population Growth Vary among
Regions?
• Declining Birth Rates…How?? Why??
– Two Successful Strategies for Lowering Birth
Rates
1. Improving Education and Health Care
– Emphasizes improving local economic conditions so that
increased wealth is allocated to education and health
programs seeking to lower birth rates.
2. Contraception
– More immediate results reaped than previous approach
– Met with greater resistance, because it goes against
cultural or religious beliefs of some.
» Roman Catholics, fundamentalist Protestants,
Muslims, and Hindus.
• Religions and Babies TED Talk
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FIGURE 2-24 WOMEN USING FAMILY PLANNING
More than two-thirds of couples in developed countries use a family-planning method.
Family-planning varies widely in developing countries. China reports the world’s highest
rate of family planning; the lowest rates are in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Figure 2-28 JAPAN’S CHANGING POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Japan’s population pyramid has shifted from a broad base in 1950
to a rectangular shape. In the future, the bottom of the pyramid is
expected to contract and the top to expand…WHY
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Supplementals
Summing it all up
9 Billion? A Whirlwind Trip Through
Population Trends
Hans Rosling's 200 Countries, 200
Years, 4 Minutes
How We got to Seven Billion
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Key Issue 2: Why is Global Population Increasing?
• Reflection Questions:
•
2.2.1: The United States has an NIR of 0.6. Does that mean the doubling time is more than 54
years or less?
•
2.2.2: How does the TFR in your family compare to the overall figure for North America?
•
2.2.3: Name a type of community that might have a lot more males than females.
Thinking Geographically Questions
• 2.2: Members of the baby-boom generation—people born between 1946 and 1964—constitute
nearly one-third of the U.S. population. Baby boomers received more education than their
parents, and women from this generation were more likely to enter the labor force than women
before them. The baby boomers have delayed marriage and parenthood and have fewer
children compared to their parents. They are more likely to divorce, to bear children while
unmarried, and to cohabit. As they grow older, what impacts will baby boomers have on
American population in the years ahead?
Google Earth Question (see image on p.74 of your text)
• Cemeteries such as this one in New Orleans are unusual. People are buried above ground
rather than in graves. What physical features of New Orleans’s site and situation discussed in
Google Earth 1.2 (p.38) would account for this?
Human Geography 9eHuman Geography 10e
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For Monday:
• Section 3 Reflections
• Malthus Article: Disc. Questions
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Why Does Population Growth Vary among
Regions?
• Malthus on Overpopulation
– He claimed the population was growing faster
than the increase in food supply.
– Malthus’s Critics
• Many geographers consider his beliefs too
pessimistic.
– Malthus’s theory based on idea that world’s supply of
resources is fixed rather than expanding.
• Many disagree that population increase is not a
problem.
– Larger populations could stimulate economic growth, and
therefore, production of more food.
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Why Does Population Growth Vary among
Regions?
• Malthus on Overpopulation
– Theory and Reality
• Food production has increased over last 50 years
faster than Malthus predicted.
• His model predicted world population to quadruple
over the course of 50 years.
– Not even in India has population growth outpaced food
production.
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Why Does Population Growth Vary among
Regions?
• Population Futures
– Demographic Transition Possible Stage 5:
Decline
• Characterized by…
– Very low CBR
– Increasing CDR
» More elderly people than young persons
– Negative NIR
– Over time, few young women in child-bearing years
» Contributing to ever falling CBR
• Several European countries already have negative
NIR.
– Russia is most notable hosting a negative NIR for 50 years.
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Epidemiologic Transition
– Medical researches have identified an
epidemiologic transition that focuses on
distinct health threats in each stage of the
demographic transition.
– Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR)
• Principal cause of death: infectious and parasitic
diseases
– Ex. black plague (bubonic plague)
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Epidemiologic Transition
– Stage 2: Receding Pandemic (Rapidly
Declining CDR)
• Pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide
geographic area and affects a very high proportion
of the population.
• Factors that reduced spread of disease, during the
industrial revolution
– Improved sanitation
– Improved nutrition
– Improved medicine
• Famous cholera pandemic in London in mid
nineteenth century.
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Epidemiologic Transition
– Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (Moderately
Declining CDR)
• Characterized by…
– Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases.
– Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging.
» Cardiovascular diseases
» Cancer
– Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases
(Low but Increasing CDR)
• Characterized by…
– Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer delayed
because of modern medicine treatments.
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Infectious Diseases
– Reasons for Possible Stage 5
• Evolution
– Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to
drugs and insecticides.
– Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributes to the emergence of
new strains of viruses and bacteria.
• Poverty
– Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of
presence of unsanitary conditions and inability to afford drugs
needed for treatment.
• Increased Connections
– Advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel,
makes it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in
another country before exhibiting symptoms.
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Health Care
– Health conditions vary around the world,
primarily, because countries possess different
resources to care for people who are sick.
• Expenditures on Health Care
– More than 15 percent of total government expenditures in
Europe and North America.
– Less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
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Why Do Some Regions Face Health
Threats?
• Health Care
– Health Care Systems
• Developed Countries
– Public service available at little or no cost.
– Government pays more than 70 percent of health-care
costs in most European countries, and private
individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense.
• Developing Countries
– Private individuals must pay more than half of the cost
of health care.
» U.S. is an exception to these generalizations, because
private individuals are required to pay about 55 percent of
health care costs making it more closely resemble a
developing country, in regards to health care.
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Summary
• Global population is concentrated in a few
places that are not too wet, too dry, too
cold, or too mountainous.
• Nearly all NIR is concentrated in
developing countries.
• Developed countries have a stable
population, if not slightly declining.
• Population growth varies among regions,
because not all countries are in the same
stage of the demographic transition model.
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Summary
• Intimately connected to the demographic
transition model is the epidemiologic
transition model that helps to explain why
different regions face varying health
threats.
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