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Chapters 1-13 AP Test Review
Questions
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 1: Language
The Indo-European language family
includes the major languages of Europe
and those dominant in all the following
regions EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Russia
Germany
Iran
Eastern and South Australia
Central Asia
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 2: Basic Vocabulary
Which of the following is an example of a
cultural landscape?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Coastal rain forest
Cloud base below a mountain
Ancient ruins
Receding glaciers
Erosion of farmland
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 3: Chp. 4 Culture
Which of the following is the belief that
one’s own culture is the best or
better than other cultures?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Ethos
Stereotyping
Acculturation
Ethnocentrism
Pluralism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 4: Political Geography
The European Union is an example of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Supranationalislm
Nationalism
A fragmented state
A unitary state
Nation-state
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 5: Political Geography
Which of the following is an example of
Balkanization?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Greece
Hungary
Kosovo
Yugoslavia
Lithuania
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 6: Population
Which of the following is a correct
statement about the demographic
transition model?
a. It predicts the population growth of Bulgaria
b. It is characterized by relatively low growth
rates at stage 1 and stage 4.
c. It divides the demographic changes of a
country into 2 stage of slow growth and high
growth.
d. It predicts growth of population over 5
stages.
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 7: Development
Which of the following sectors of the
economy has grown the fasted in the U.S.
since the mid-1970s?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Service
Agriculture
Retail
Manufacturing
Military
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 8: Agriculture
India is most associated with which of the
following types of agriculture?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Truck farming
Plantation agriculture
Slash-and-burn cultivation
Rice cultivation
Dairy farming
Figure 13-1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 9: Political Geography
Culturally defined political boundaries,
such as those determined by the
spatial patterns of religion or language,
are called?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Consequent
Geometric
Relict
Natural
antecedent
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A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 10: Migration
The first wave of immigrants to the U.S.
during the 19th century came from
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Asia and Latin America
Italy, Russian, and Poland
England, Ireland, and Germany
Sweden, Norway, and Slovakia
Africa and Oceania
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 11: Agriculture
What is industrial agriculture?
a. Slash and burn cultivation
b. Organic farming
c. Transhumance
d. Miracle seeds, GMOs, chemical
fertilizers, Green Revolution
e. Truck farming
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D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 12: Language
What is a lingua franca?
a. Any language used as a common means of
communication, esp. in trade or business
transactions, in an area where several different
languages are spoken
b. A system of communication through the use of
speech, a collection of sounds understood by a
group of people to have the same meaning.
c. The language adopted for use by the government
for the conduct of business and publication of
documents
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 13: Language
Which are two reasons for the current
rate of diffusion of English as a lingua
franca?
a. GIS overlays comparing various
languages and GPS navigation
b. Global communications and tourism
c. Political alliances and supranationalism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 14: Services
All of the following were crucial to the
emergence of the first cities EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
An agricultural surplus
A stratified social system
Labor specialization
A system for food storage and distribution
Separation of the ruling system and the
religious system
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 15: Urban Patterns
Which of the following is true of an edge
city?
a. It is located on the edge of a lake, river, or
other physical feature
b. It is close to foreclosure.
c. It is an outlet for a region’s trade.
d. It is increasingly used for heavy industry.
e. It has a large amount of recently developed
retail and office space.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 16: Agriculture
What is an integrated commodity chain?
a. Products (grain feed, meat, vegetable, dairy,
etc.) that are interconnected.
b. Products that are the result of the Green
Revolution.
c. Products produced and approved by the
certified U.S. organic farming label.
d. Products which are approved by dietary and
religious considerations.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 17: Industry
What is the new industrial division of
labor?
a. Turning over much of the production to
independent suppliers.
b. Selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs.
c. Where a company controls all phases of a
highly complex production process.
d. Turning over problems to a team to figure
out themselves how to perform a task.
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
18. What Urban Model is this? a.
Multinuclei b. Latin American c. Peripheral d. Concentric
Figure 13-4
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D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
19. What urban model is this? a.
mutlinuclei b. concentric c. sector d. Latin American e.
peripheral
Figure 13-5
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C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
20. What urban model?
a. Mutli-nuclei b.
Concentric c. Peripheral d. Sector e. Latin American
Figure 13-6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 21: Agriculture
What is shifting cultivation?
a. Farming methods that preserve long-term
productivity of land and minimize pollution.
b. Slash-and-burn cultivation – clear fields by
slashing vegetation and then burning debris.
c. A large farm in tropical and subtropical
climates that specializes in 1 or 2 crops for
sale in an LDC but owned by an MDC.
d. A flooded field for growing rice.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 22: Industry
What is an agglomeration?
a. Adoption by companies of flexible work
rules.
b. Firms with related or similar products locate
together in clusters or regions.
c. A decision by corporations to turn over much
of the responsibility for production to
independent suppliers.
d. Transfer of some types of jobs from MDCs
to LDCs.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 23: Urban Patterns
The following are criticisms of the 3
urban models EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
Models may be too simple
Models may be outdated (1918-1945)
Models studied together are of no use.
None of the models completely explains
why different types of people live in
distinctive parts of the city
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 24: Industry
What is a bulk-reducing industry?
a. Manufacturing based in homes rather
than in a factory.
b. An industry for which labor costs
comprise a higher percentage of total
expenses.
c. An industry in which the final product
weighs more or comprises a great volume
than the inputs.
d. None of the above
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D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
25. What urban city pattern is shown
below? a. sector b. Latin American c. peripheral
d. segment e. concentric
Figure 13-10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 26: Political Geography
What is a nation-state?
a. State that contains more than one ethnicity.
b. State that contains two or more ethnic
groups with traditions of self-determination.
c. State whose territory corresponds to that
occupied by a particular ethnicity.
d. A culture group that is not included or
allowed to share in the state political
process.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 27: Development
The HDI or Human Development Index
contains these factors EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
One economic factor
Two social factors
One demographic factor
One political factor
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 28: Urban Patterns
The following are positives of the urban city
models EXCEPT
a. If they are combined rather than
independent, they help geographers
b. Help geographers explain where urban
sprawl is most likely.
c. Models say: most people prefer to live
near others who have similar
characteristics
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 29: Development
The following countries are examples of
Andorra, Bahrain, Grenada, Monaco
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Confederations
Micro-states
Judicial unions
Free-trade unions
Exclusive economic zones
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 30: Urban Patterns
All of the following statements support the
situation of European cities EXCEPT
a. Poor are in suburbs
b. Often there is a ban on vehicles in the
historical sections of CBDs
c. Vertical geography allowed in the CBD
d. Wealthy located in sector extending from
the center
e. Lack of services plague the suburbs
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 31: Political Geography
Which of the following is not an European
example of Supranationalism?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
United Nations
North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
International Monetary Association
World Bank
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 32: Development
Fisheries, mining, and timber are types of
economic production that are part of the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Quartenary sector
Quinary sector
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 33: Political Geography
Cohen’s Shatterbelt Theory predicted that
armed conflicts after 1950 would likely
occur in areas of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Former Communists countries of Russia
Middle East or Inner/Outer Fertile Crescent
Northern Hemisphere
South Asia
Southeast Asia
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 34: Basic Concepts
The theory of environmental determinism
generalizes a region’s culture as being
shaped by
a. The combined influences of physical
geography of the region
b. Access to waterways for transport
c. The population’s choice of staple food crop
d. The dominant religion of the region
e. People’s ability to live sustainably
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A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 35: Religion
All of the following are branches or
denominations of Islam EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Shia
Sunni
Sufism
Quranism
Hinduism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 36: Urban Patterns
European colonial policies left a heavy
mark on the development of cities in
LDCs EXCEPT
a. A mall for the wealthy to stroll upon
b. Colonial cities
c. Public housing
d. Spine extending to the mall as a wealthy
sector
e. After Independence cities
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C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 37: Religion
Jerusalem is considered a holy place by
all of the following religions EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Catholicism
Protestantism
Islam
Hinduism
Judaism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 38: Industry
Secondary industries such as fish canneries
and lumber mills where manufacturing is
dependent on a single natural resource tend
to be located
a. Dispersed near consumer retail locations in a
decentralized pattern
b. Centralized close to natural resource locations
c. Centrally within consumer market regions
d. Dispersed near wholesale distribution centers
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 39: Population
The relationship between Malthus’s theory of
population & the Green Revolution is best
historically characterized by the following
a. Green Rev. agricultural technologies have increased
food production, extending global carrying capacity &
decreasing the overpopulation predicted by Malthus.
b. Green Rev. theorists ideologically rejected Malthus
and were not accepted until the late 20th century by
Neo-Malthusians.
c. Malthus predicted the Green Rev. & his inventions
would allow for larger global population.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 40: Political Geography
Which of the following countries is the
best example of a current theocracy?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
China
Greece
Great Britain
Iran
Turkey
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 41: Development
Which level of development is a First
world country?
A. High level development – MDCs with some
upcoming LDCs in Stage 3 at brink of Stage 4.
B. Communist countries with hard-line states (Cuba
and North Korea)
C. Countries with mainly agricultural and resourcebased economies.
D. States that are in crisis (Afghanistan, Syria)
E. States that lack a functioning economy (Somalia)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 42: From the 2 population
pyramids below, what can we deduce about
these countries?
A
B
a. Country A is slow-growing and country B is growing
quickly
b. Country A is likely is in the Third World and B in the First
c. Country A has a low percentage of dependent population
and Country B has almost no dependents
d. Country A is a shrinking population and Country B has
stable population growth.
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 43: Urban Patterns
• 1st ring - religious core
• 2nd – businesses
• 3rd – food products, blacksmiths, basket makers,
potters
• 4th – Jews, Christians, foreigners
• (Islamic or Aztec religion in power)
The following points above describe what
kind of Latin American city? a. Colonial
b. pre-Colonial c. Concentric d. After Independence
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 44: Population + Migration
The long-term demographic effect of the
One-Child Policy in China has been
a. Large-scale out-migration of Chinese to
foreign countries
b. Reduction of the totally fertility rate below
the replacement rate
c. Mass rural to urban migration
d. Smaller total population of China
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 45: Countries that would fall
into Stage 2, are characterized as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Service based
Heavy industrial
Agricultural
High technology
Post-industrial
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 46: The point where
population growth would at its highest rate
would be?
a. The beginning of
Stage 1
b. The end of Stage 3
c. The line between
Stage 1 and Stage
2
d. The line between
Stage 2 and 3
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 47: Which stage did the
Agricultural Revolution begin?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 48: What stage of the
demographic transition had the highest
immigration from Europe to USA?
a. Between Stage 3
and 4
b. Between Stage 2
and 3
c. Between Stage 1
and 2
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 49: Which stage did the
Industrial Revolution begin?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 50: During which stage did
immigration from Africa to Europe occur in
the 1960s?
a. Stage 2
b. Stage 3
c. Stage 4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 51: Agriculture
What is extensive land use in agriculture?
a. Large amounts of labor, capital, fertilizers,
high agro-chemicals, and large quantities of
land are needed resulting in a higher yield
(Green Revolution).
b. Uses small amounts of labor, capital,
fertilizers, and smaller land area resulting in
a lesser yield (organic).
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 52: This population pyramid best
represents a/an ____?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Military base
Edge city
College town
Retirement town
Stage 3 country
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 53: This picture best represents
which type of Latin American city?
a. Pre-colonial city
b. After
independence
c. Colonial city
d. Squatter
settlement
e. Ziggurat
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 54: Agriculture
The staple crop of the Andean culture
hearth of the Inca people was
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
maize (corn)
Potatoes
Yams
Manioc
Wheat
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B (Inca) – (Aztec = Corn)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 55: Urban Patterns
•
•
•
•
Spanish: Mexico City
French: Fez, Morocco
French: Saigon, Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh)
British: Delhi, India
The cities above are examples of what
type of cities? a. Pre-Colonial b. Colonial
c. Cities after Independence
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 56: Industry
Which of the following is a list of newly
industrialized countries or NICs?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Brazil, Mexico, India
Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania
Russia, Ukraine, Poland
United States, Great Britain, France
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 57: Religion
• A global religion founded on the
principle of polytheism is
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Judaism
Zoroastrianism
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 58: Population
• The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is
a. The estimated # of children born to each
father during a 1-year period
b. The difference between crude birth rates
and crude death rates divided by 10
c. The estimated # of children born to each
female of birthing age (15-45)
d. The total # of children each female given
birth in the previous 10-year period
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 59: Political
The political geographic concept of the
“state” is defined as
a. Population and defined area controlled by an
organized government
b. A sub-unit of a federal system such as the
US or Brazil
c. A population represented by a single culture
d. A population with a single culture and single
government
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 60: Basic Concept
The borders of American South or “Dixie”
as a culture region are
a. Defined by the locations of all NASCAR
races and country music radio stations
b. Poorly-defined fuzzy borders which overlap
other American culture regions
c. A finite political boundary which surrounds
the Civil War-era Confederate states
d. Defined by the planting range of agricultural
products like peanuts and cotton
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B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 61: Basic Concepts
The concept of “place” in human
geography can be best defined as
a. A location on the Earth’s surface with a
distinctive characteristic
b. A point formed by the intersection of two or
more transportation lines
c. A point where a natural resource is located
d. A sub-unit of a region composed of villages
or small town
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 62: Political
An example of a nation without a
representative state would be
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Greek
Egyptians
Panamanians
Indonesians
Kurds
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 63: Basic Concepts
What is found at the 0 degree latitude?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Prime meridian
International Date Line
Absolute location
Equator
Relative location
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 64: Basic Concepts
A functional region is defined as
a. Area based upon a perception
b. Node that focusses on a point of origin
c. Point or place on the map compared to a
known place or geographic feature
d. Measure of distance
e. Succession of groups and cultural influences
through a place’s history
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 65: Basic Concepts
A point of origin or place of innovation is
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Toponymn
Absolute location
Relative location
Hearth
Situation
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 66: What urban model is depicted
below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Peripheral model
Latin American city
Concentric
Sector
Multiple-nuclei
Figure 13-14
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 67: Basic Concepts
Physiological density measures
a. The number of people per square unit of
arable land
b. The number of things per square unit of
distance
c. The number of people per square unit of
land actively under cultivation
d. The number of clustering purposely around
a central point
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 68: Population
In order for a country to double in size,
the natural increase rate must be divided
into what number?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
10
70
1,000
2.1
20
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 69: Population
In order to figure out the Natural Increase
rate you must
a. Subtract the birth rate from the death rate
and divide by 100
b. Subtract the death rate from the birth rate
and divide by 20
c. Subtract the birth rate from the death rate
and divide by 10
d. Subtract the death rate from the birth rate
and divide by 10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 70: Religion
Which religion adheres to the Five Pillars
of Faith?
a. Muslim
b. Hindu
c. Christian
d. Buddhist
e. Judaism
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 71:Urban Patterns
The picture best
depicts
a. MDC urban sprawl
b. MDC European city
c. LDC Squatter
settlement
d. MDC Megalopolis
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 72: Political
An Exclusive Economic Zone is
a. Sovereign territory which includes the area
of sea out to the 12-nautical-mile limit.
b. Total economic rights from shore out to the
200-nautical-mile-limit
c. Technically outside of the 12-mile limit
where cruise ships can open their casinos
d. Beyond the 200 mile limit, international
fishing fleets can hook or net whatever
ocean life they catch
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 73: Population
Arithmetic density is the # of people per
square unit of land. Which country has
the highest arithmetic density?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Australia
India
Nepal
United Kingdom
United States
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 74: Political Geography
What political
concept is shown
here?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Exclave
Assimilation
Gentrification
Filtering
Gerrymandering
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 75:Services
What concept is
being shown?
a. Circular rural
settlement
b. Clustered rural
linear
c. Dispersed rural
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 76: Services
Earliest urban settlements
were found in all of these
countries EXCEPT
a. Egypt
b. China
c. Italy
d. Germany
e. Greece
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 77:
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 78: Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people who share
a legal attachment and personal
allegiance to a particular country is
a. Ethnicity
b. Nationalism
c. Self-determination
d. Nationality
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 79: Language
A collection of languages within a branch
that share a common origin in the
relatively recent past and display
relatively few difference in grammar and
vocabulary is
a. Language group d. Official language
b. Language family
c. Standard language
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 80: Agriculture
The picture represents
which kind of farming?
a. Slash and burn
b. Pastoral nomadism
c. Intensive subsistence
with wet rice
d. Intensive subsistence
with wet rice not
dominant
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
C
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 81: Religion
The picture conveys the
concept of ghettos as
found in
a. Buddhism
b. Shintoism
c. Christianity
d. Judaism
e. Islam
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
D
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 82: Population
Bangladesh as of
2012 would be
classified as in
which stage of the
Demographic
Transition Model?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 83: Culture
The Amish began in
Switzerland and
eventually settled in
Pennsylvania which
indicates
a.
b.
c.
d.
Hierarchical diffusion
Relocation diffusion
Expansion diffusion
Contagious diffusion
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 84: Political
The shape of
Iceland is
a. Elongated
b. Compact
c. Prorupted
d. Perforated
e. Fragmented
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 85: Agriculture
The picture conveys
which farming
principle?
a. Sustainable
b. Subsistence
c. Green Revolution
d. Truck farming
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A
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Question 86: Religion
Religion is spread
by what kind of
diffusion?
a. Hierarchical
b. Relocation
c. Contagious
d. Expansion
e. All of the above
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E
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Question 87: Services
The diagram
illustrates
a. Population
momentum
b. S Curve
c. Bid-Rent Curve
d. Gravity Model
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C
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Question 88: Population
Germany’s
population
pyramid indicates
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
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D
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Question 89: Basic Concepts
The picture explains
a. Urban sprawl
b. Arithmetic density
c. Physiological
density
d. Relocation
diffusion
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B
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Question 90:
Language spoken by
the largest # of
people on Earth is
a. Hindi
b. English
c. Chinese/Mandarin
d. Arabic
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C
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Question 91:
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question 91: Religion
Which religion has the most adherents?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Islam
Buddhism
Christianity
Judaism
Hinduish
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C
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E
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Absolute or Relative Distance
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C
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E
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Question : Political
A boundary lines that exist from
prehistoric times are called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Antecedent
Relic
Subsequent
Superimposed
physical
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A
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Question : Political
Former state boundaries that still have
political or cultural meaning are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Antecedent
Relic
Subsequent
Superimposed
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B
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Question : Political
Cultural boundaries are
a. Boundaries between nations, ethnic
groups, or tribes
b. Natural boundaries – rivers, lakes, oceans
c. Boundaries surveyed mostly along lines of
latitude and longitude
d. Boundary lines that exist from prehistoric
times
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Question: Migration
The most important intraregional
migration trends for MDCs are
a.
b.
c.
d.
Rural to urban areas
Cities to suburbs
Suburbs to rural
East Coast to West Coast
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B
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Question: Political
A Federal State allocates
a. Strong power to units of local government
within the country
b. Places most power in the hands of central
government officials
c. Redrawing of boundaries due to Electoral
Geography
d. Three types of voting: excess, stacked, and
wasted
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Question: Urban Patterns
Inner City Physical Issues include all
EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Filtering
Redlining
Eroding tax base
Urban renewal
Public housing
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C
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Question: Population
Reasons for declining birth rates includes
all EXCEPT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Improving local economic conditions
Contraception
Free clinics
Education
Epidemiologic data
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E
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question: Industry
Rostow’s modernization model is
concerned with which of the following
concepts?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Dependency
Structuralism
Core-periphery relations
Economic development
neocolonialism
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D
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Inner-City Physical Issues
2. Redlining:
* where some banks draw lines on a map to identify
areas in which they will refuse to loan money
* Families who try to fix up houses in the area have
problems borrowing money
* Illegal in USA – hard to enforce law
* USA requires banks to document by census tract
where they make loans
* Banks must show documents that demonstrate
that inner-city neighborhoods receive their fair share
of loans.
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Inner-City Physical Issues
3. Urban renewal: Program in which cities
identify run-down inner-city
neighborhoods, acquire the properties
from private owners, relocate the
residents and businesses, clear the site,
build new roads and utilities, and turn
land over to private developers.
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Urban Renewal
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Criticism of Urban Renewal
• Destroying the social cohesion of older
neighborhoods
• Reducing the supply of low-cost
housing
• “Negro Removal” during 1960s
• USA and Europe have turned away
from urban renewal late 1970s
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Inner-City Physical Issues
4. Public housing:
For low-income people who must pay 30% of their
income for rent
Housing authority manages the buildings
Accounts for only 1% of all USA housing
USA stopped funding
Hope VI gives families rent $ for private housing
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Cabrini Green Public Housing
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Inner-City Physical Issues
6. Renovated housing/ gentrification:
process of converting an urban neighborhood from a
predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a
predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.
Where do the poor go?
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Gentrification in Chicago
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Racial Change in Chicago
Figure 13-16
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Inner-City Social Issues
• Inner-city social issues
– The underclass: high rates unemployment,
alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile
delinquency, and crime
• An unending cycle of social and economic
issues
• Homelessness: nearly 1 million Americans
– Culture of poverty: trapped, unwed mothers,
deadbeat dads, hopelessness, gangs, segregated
by ethnicity, lucrative drug distribution, poor health
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Inner-City Economic Issues
• Inner-city economic issues
– Eroding tax base
• Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes
– Impact of the recession
• Housing market collapse – primarily inner city
• Firs-time buyers were given mortgages without
proper credit check
• Foreclosures – 10%
• House prices fell, worth less than in earlier
years
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Foreclosures in Baltimore
Figure 13-18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue #4: Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
•
•
•
•
Urban Expansion
The Peripheral Model/Galactic City
Suburban Segregation
Transportation and Suburbanization
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Urban Expansion
• 1950
* 20% people in suburbs
40% in cities
40% in rural
• 2000
* 50% in suburbs
30 % in cities
20% in rural
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Urban Expansion
• Before 2000, cities grew by adding
peripheral land
• NOW cities are surrounded by a
collection of suburban edge cities
whose residents prefer to remain legally
independent of the large city.
Example: Portland and Lake Oswego
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion
– Annexation: process of legally adding land area
to a city
– Usually, land can be annexed to a city only if a
majority of resident vote in favor of doing so
– 2014 – cities less likely to annex peripheral land
– Residents prefer to organize their own services
rather than pay city taxes for them
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Annexation in Chicago
Figure 13-19
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Urban Expansion: Defining Urban
Settlements
• The city: an urban area settlement that has
been legally incorporated into an independent,
self-governing unit.
• Urbanized areas: central city and the
surrounding built-up suburbs (central city plus
its contiguous built-up suburbs where
population density exceeds 1,000 persons per
square mile)
Approx. 70% of USA population lives urbanized
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Metropolitan Statistical Area
• We need another definition of urban
settlement to account for an urban area’s
zone of influence. Why?
• The area of influence of a city extends beyond legal
boundaries and suburbs.
• U.S. Bureau of Census has created a method
of measuring the functional area of a city:
MSA: 50,000, the county within which the city is
located, adjacent counties with a high density
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City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of
St. Louis
Figure 13-20
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion
– Local government fragmentation
• Council of government: cooperative agency
consisting of representatives of the various local
governments in the region: planning, ideas
• Consolidations of city and county governments –
megalopolis – urbanized areas of 2 or more
cities merge together through suburban growth
and expansion: NYC to Washington, D.C.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Peripheral model
– Edge cities
– Density gradient
– Cost of suburban sprawl
• Suburban segregation
– Residential segregation
– Suburbanization of businesses
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Peripheral Model for Urban Areas by
Harris – lacks the severe problems of
inner city – points to sprawl
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• Central city is
Edge City
surrounded by a beltway
or ring road
• Around beltway are
nodes of consumer and
business services –
edge cities
• Shopping mall
• Manufacturing centers
• Office parks, hotels,
interstate highway
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Density Gradient - # of houses per unit of land
diminishes as distance from the center city increases
Figure 13-23
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cost of Suburban Sprawl .
• Sprawl: development of new housing sites at
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
relatively low density and at locations that are not
near to the existing built-up area.
Undesirable traits of Sprawl:
Wastes land - Prime agricultural land may be lost
Costs money to built roads and provide utilities
Reduces the ability of city dwellers to go to the
country for recreation
Affects the supply of local dairy and vegetables
Wastes more energy
Higher home prices
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
How to Combat Urban Sprawl
• Greenbelts: designate areas of mandatory
open space o rings of open space
• Smart growth: legislation and regulations to
limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
Example: OR, MD, NJ, RI – defined growth
boundaries within which new development
must occur – prohibits states from funding
new highways that would extend suburban
sprawl or destroy farmland
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Urban Sprawl
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Greenbelts
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Smart Growth
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Retailing in Suburbs - Malls
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Suburban sales have risen at 5% over CBD
Planned suburban malls by developers
Malls requires about 100 acres of land
Found near key road junctions
Elaborate, multi-level
Anchor large department stores
Centers for activities in suburbs – walking,
teenagers meet friends, concerts, exhibitions
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Clackamas Mall in OR
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Suburban Stress
Figure 13-25
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Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Transportation and suburbanization
– Motor vehicles
• More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car
– Public transit
• Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space
– Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an
automobile
– Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area
• Public transit in the United States
– Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out
of CBD
– Small cities-minimal use
– Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bid Rent Curve
• Expensive land is in
the CBD
• Downtown commercial
real estate is sold or
leased by the sq. foot
• Land in the suburbs
sold by the acre
• Farther from the CBD,
the lower the price for
rent for land
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Entrepot: port city in which goods are
shipped in at one price and shipped out to other
ports at a higher price – profitable trade
• Singapore
• Hong Kong
• Dubai
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Gateway Cities: places where
immigrants make their way into a country
•
•
•
•
•
•
NYC
Miami
Toronto
Vancouver, B.C.
Rotterdam
Hamburg
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Fall Line Cities:
used to describe the port
that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point
where navigation is no longer possible by ocean
ships
• Boston
• Philadelphia
• Baltimore
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Megacity: metropolitan city with more than
10 million people
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tokyo
NYC
Mexico City
Mumbai
Sao Paulo
Delhi
Shanghai
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels,
Belgium
Figure 13-28
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The End.
Up next: Resource Issues
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.