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ECC 4503 Access
Network Technologies
Dr. Aduwati Sali
Dept. of Computer and Communication Systems
Faculty of Engineering, UPM
[email protected]
03-89464355
Course Objectives
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identify source and evolution of telecommunication
networks
differentiate various systems and access
technologies
illustrate source, evolution and mobility
management of mobile systems for access networks
technologies
design simple access technologies.
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Course Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overview of Access Systems
Access Technologies
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
Mobile Systems and WMAN
Mobility Management
Wired Access Systems
Architecture and Access Network
Planning
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Lecture
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Thursday
Friday
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12-1pm BK18
10-12pm BK18
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Lecture Plan – from LMSPutra
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Assessment
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Coursework 60%
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Test1 20%
Test2 20%
Quiz & Assignment 20%
Final Exam 40%
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One 3-hour final examination (40%)
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References
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T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications
Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2002.
A. Gumaste, First Mile Access Networks and
Enabling Technologies, Cisco Systems 2008
A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 2005.
E.I. Oliver, Fixed Broadband Wireless Access
Network and Services, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 2002.
G.P. Agrawal, Fiber-optic Communication Systems,
John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2002
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Access Technologies
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Network Coverage
Satellite Networks
Macro-Cell Networks
Micro-Cell Networks
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4
4
4
Wireless LANs
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Example: Access Network
access
Internet
ISP
ISP
ISP
Domain
IP ISP
Platform
PSTN
ISP
PC
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Ex: 3G Network Architecture
Node B
MSC/VLR
GMSC
PSTN
RNC
USIM
Node B
HLR
ME
Internet
Node B
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
Node B
UE
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UTRAN
CN
External
Networks
UE (User Equipment) that interfaces with the user
USIM (UMTS Subscriber Identity Module)
ME (Mobile Equipment)
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) handles all radio related functionality
CN (Core Network) is responsible for transport functions such as switching and routing calls and data,
tracking users
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Example: Multiple-Tier
Networks
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Access Problem
•Due to bottleneck created by the absence of
technologies and solutions to accommodate high
capacity needs of core networks to reach end
users
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Technology, Business & NPT
Wireless and Wired
Business Case
Network Planning Tools
Wireless and Wired
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Access technologies
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Wireless
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Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
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WiFi (802.11)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
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Bluetooth (802.15.1)
ZigBee (802.15.4)
Ultra Wideband (UWB) (802.15.4a)
Visible Light Communications (802.15.7)
3G Cellular (WCDMA, CDMA200 etc)
WiMAX (802.16)
Satellite and HAPS
Wired
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POTS (Plain old telephone service) – twisted pair cable
xDSL
Cable Modem
Optical Fiber
Power Line Communications (PLC) – electric power cable
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WPAN, WLAN and WMAN
WWAN
WMAN
WLAN
WPAN
UWB
Bluetooth
Zigbee
IEEE 802.11
HIPERLAN
IEEE 802.16
HIPERMAN
802.15
IEEE 802.20
GSM/TDMA
2.5G/GPRS
3G, CDMA/
WCDMA
802.11
802.16
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802.20
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Business Case
up to 2000 households
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Network Planning Tool
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Global Scenario
Access Technology: For what??
Facts and Figures
Broadband Connections
Broadband by Technology
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Typical Broadband Applications
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Basic WWW browsing
Email access
Run Servers (Web / FTP)
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Video on Demand (VOD)
Audio Streams
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Internet Radio
Fast File Transfers
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Business tariff, can depend on company
Some technologies are asymmetric (cable, ADSL)
Possibility of downloading large files in short period of time
User Generated Content
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YouTube, Facebook, Twitter etc
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Speed Really Matters
dial up
speed...
broadband speed...
Downloading a file*
at...
56.6 Kbps
...up to
150kbps
...up to
600 kbps
...up to
1024 kbps
(typical web page)
50 K
7.9 sec
3.5 sec
0.7 sec
0.4 sec
(30 second video clip)
1 MB
2 min 41 sec
1 min 11 sec
15.2 sec
8.9 sec
(1 minute video clip)
3 MB
8 min 2 sec
3 min 33 sec
45.5 sec
26.7 sec
(typical MP3 file)
5 MB
13 min 24 sec
5 min 56 sec
1 min 16 sec
44.4 sec
(typical software
application) 32 MB
85 min 46 sec
37 min 56 sec
8 min 5 sec
4 min 44 sec
Download speeds
* Examples assume that each medium is transmitting at full capacity. Many factors can influence the
delivery of data, particularly once you are out on the Internet. These factors can include how busy
the Internet is at the time and how many hits the site you are visiting is getting.
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Facts and Figures (2004)
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6.4 Billion people on Earth
1.38 Billion Cellphone subscribers
750 Million PCs in operation
700 Million Internet Users (12% of world)
100 Million Broadband Users (1.7% of world)
5.7 Billion people have yet to use Internet (!)
Huge growth and economic development
opportunity
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Most Populated Countries
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Source : InternetWorldStats.com
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Countries with Highest Raw # of Internet Users
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Source : InternetWorldStats.com
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Countries with Highest Penetration Rate
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Source : InternetWorldStats.com
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What is Broadband?
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ITU definition
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1.5 or 2.0 Mbps
Typical minimum speed: 256 kbps
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US: FCC symmetric 200 kbps
UK: Ofcom downstream >= 256 kbps
Sweden: 2 Mbps ~ 5 Mbps at least one way
[Narrowband = 2.8kbps – 128kbps]
Source:
1. ITU By ITU recommendation I.113
2. FCC: http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Orders/2000/fcc00290.pdf
3. Office of Communications, U.K.
4. Swedish Special Infrastructure Commission
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Broadband by Technology (1999 - 2002)
Source: ITU Internet Reports 2003: Birth of Broadband
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Broadband by Technology (2005)
Broadband by technology (June 2005)
Cable Modem
32%
DSL
61%
Other
7%
Total subscribers: 137 million
Source : OECD
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Malaysia Scenario
Fixed Phone
Cellular
Broadband
Fixed & Cellular (1991 – 2005)
Malaysia: Fixed vs Cellular Phone (1991 - 2005)
Users ('000)
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Fixed line
Cellular phone
Source: MCMC
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Malaysia:
Penetration
Rates
(telephone,
broadband
and cellular)
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Broadband
Technology
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Technology Trends
IMT-2000 (3G) & IMT-Advanced
(4G)
Towards Higher Data Rate
Wireless Technology Trend
ITU: IMT-2000 (3G) & IMT-Advanced
(4G)
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Towards Higher Data Rate
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Source: Nokia
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Wireless Technology Trend
Source: Fujitsu
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Expected Data Rates:
Wired & Wireless
Source: Report on the FP 7 Consultation Meeting “Future Mobile and
Wireless Radio Systems: Challenges in European Research” 2008
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Summary
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Introduction
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Technology Overview
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Broadband Communications
Malaysia Scenario
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Wireless and Wired
Business Case
Network Planning Tools
Global Scenario
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Access Technologies & Network Coverage
WiMAX Reference Model
3G Network Architecture
Fixed, Cellular and Broadband
Technology Trend
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Towards High Data Rate
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Additional Slides
Access and Core Network
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History of Communications
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1844 Telegraph (Morse)
1876 Telephone (Bell)
1897 Wireless Telegraph
(Marconi)
1918 Practical AM receiver
(Armstrong)
1920 First Radio Broadcasts
1928 Television (Farnsworth)
1933 FM Radio (Armstrong)
1936 BBC begins first TV
broadcasts
1948 Information Theory
(Shannon)
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1950 Digital Long Distance
Telephone Lines (Bell Labs)
1962 Telstar I
communication satellite (Bell
Labs)
1979 First commercial
cellular telephone
(Motorola/AT&T)
1990 Second Generation
(Digital) cellular systems
(TDMA)
1992 The Internet takes off
1993 CDMA Cellular systems
2002 Third Generation
Cellular Systems
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