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1.6 Delay(时延) P29-31
（in packet-switched networks） P29
packets experience delay on end-to-end path
•
•
•
•
nodal processing delay (节点处理时延)
queueing delay (排队时延)
Transmission delay (传输时延)
Propagation delay (传播时延)
transmission
A
propagation
B
nodal
processing
queueing
Delay in packet-switched networks
queueing(排队时延)
–time waiting at output
link for transmission
–depends on congestion
level of router
nodal processing(节点处理时延):
– check bit errors
– determine route
transmission
A
propagation
B
nodal
processing
queueing
Delay in packet-switched networks
Transmission delay(传输时延):
Propagation delay (传播时延) :
• R=link bandwidth (bps)
• L=packet length (bits)
• time to send bits into link = L/R
• d = length of physical link
• s = propagation speed in medium
(~2x108 m/sec)
• propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very
different quantities!
transmission
A
propagation
B
nodal
processing
queueing
end-to-end delay
•
•
•
•
nodal processing delay
queueing delay
Transmission delay
Propagation delay
packet lost(分组丢失)
Internet delays and routes
traceroute: routers, rt delays on source-dest path
also: pingplotter, various windows programs
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 *fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms
请阅读 P33 tracert命令的使用及含义
1.7 Protocol “Layers”(协议层次)
P34-39
Networks are complex!
• many “pieces”:
– hosts
– routers
– links of various media
– applications
– protocols
– hardware, software
Question:
Is there any hope of
organizing structure of
network?
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase)
ticket (complain)
baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates (load)
gates (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
• a series of steps
P35
Organization of air travel: a different view
ticket (purchase)
ticket (complain)
baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates (load)
gates (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
Layers: each layer implements a service
– via its own internal-layer actions
– relying on services provided by layer below
ticket (purchase)
ticket (complain)
baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates (load)
gates (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
intermediate air traffic sites
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
arriving airport
Departing airport
Distributed implementation of layer functionality
邮政通信系统
发信人
通信者活动
收信人
通信者活动
邮局服务业务
邮局服务业务
邮局转送业务
邮局转送业务
邮件运输业务
分层可以带来如下好处：
• （1）各层之间是独立的。
• （2）灵活性好。
• （3）结构上可分割开。
• （4）易于实现和维护。
• （5）能促进标准化工作。
P22
OSI(开放系统互联)体系结构的分层
原则：
网中各节点具有相同的层次
不同节点的对等层具有相同的功能，按协议通信
同一节点的相邻层间通过接口通信
每层使用下层服务，并为上层提供服务
网络体系结构(network architecture)：
计算机网络的各层及其协议的集合。也就是说，
计算机网络的体系结构就是这个计算机网络及其部
件所应完成的功能的精确定义。
Internet protocol stack
• application(应用层): supporting network
applications
– ftp, smtp, http
• transport (传输层) : transfer application
data between client and server.
– tcp, udp
• network (网络层) : routing of datagrams
from source to destination
– ip, routing protocols
• link (链路层) : data transfer between
neighboring network elements
– ppp, ethernet
• physical (物理层) : transfer bits “on the
wire”
P38
application
transport
network
link
physical
Layering: logical communication
Each layer:
• distributed
• “entities(实体)”
implement layer
functions at each
node
• entities perform
actions, exchange
messages with
peers (对等层)
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
Layering: logical communication
E.g.: transport
• take data from
application
• add addressing,
reliability check
information to
form “datagram”
• send datagram to
peer(对等层)
• wait for peer to
ack receipt
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
ack
data
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical
Layering: physical communication
sender
data
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
router
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
data
application
transport
network
link
physical
receiver
Protocol layering and data
Each layer takes data from above
• adds header(头部) information to create new data
unit
• passes new data unit to layer below
source
M
Ht M
Hn Ht M
Hl Hn Ht M
application
transport
network
link
physical
destination
application
Ht
transport
Hn Ht
network
Hl Hn Ht
link
physical
M
message
M
segment
M
M
datagram
frame
function of layer
Each layer may have functions as folllows:
• error control(差错控制)
• flow control(流量控制)
• segmentation and reassembly(分片和重组)
• multiplexing(复用)
• connection setup(建立连接)
P37
TCP/IP Protocol Stack（协议栈）
HTTP、FTP、SMTP、TELNET、DNS、SNMP
TCP
UDP
ICMP、IP、ARP、RARP
various data link protocols
various physical protocols
1.8 Internet History P40(自学)
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
• 1961: Kleinrock queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packetswitching
• 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets
• 1967: ARPAnet
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
• 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
• 1972:
– ARPAnet demonstrated
publicly
– NCP (Network Control
Protocol) first hosthost protocol
– first e-mail program
– ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
• 1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii
• 1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis
proposes Ethernet
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for
interconnecting networks
• late70’s: proprietary
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA
• late 70’s: switching fixed
length packets (ATM
precursor)
• 1979: ARPAnet has 200
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
principles:
– minimalism, autonomy - no
internal changes required to
interconnect networks
– best effort service model
– stateless routers
– decentralized control
define today’s Internet architecture
Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
• 1983: deployment of
TCP/IP
• 1982: smtp e-mail
protocol defined
• 1983: DNS defined for
name-to-IP-address
translation
• 1985: ftp protocol defined
• 1988: TCP congestion
control
• new national networks:
Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
Minitel
• 100,000 hosts
connected to
confederation of
networks
Internet History
1990’s: commercialization, the WWW
• Early 1990’s: ARPAnet
decommissioned
• 1991: NSF lifts restrictions
on commercial use of
NSFnet (decommissioned,
1995)
• early 1990s: WWW
– hypertext [Bush 1945,
Nelson 1960’s]
– HTML, http: Berners-Lee
– 1994: Mosaic, later
Netscape
– late 1990’s:
commercialization of the
Late 1990’s:
• est. 50 million
computers on
Internet
• est. 100 million+
users
• backbone links
running at 1 Gbps
Introduction: Summary
Covered a “ton” of material!
• Internet overview
• what’s a protocol?
• network edge, core, access
network
– packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
• performance: loss, delay
• layering and service models
• backbones, NAPs, ISPs
• history
You now have:
• context, overview,
“feel” of networking
• more depth, detail
later in course