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• Femtocells
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4G Key features
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IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to
fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)
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Flextronics - High Velocity Solutions
High Velocity Solutions covers consumer
electronics products such as mobile phones,
smartphones, portable audio devices,
Wearable electronics, wireless modules,
home entertainment equipment, game
consoles, printers, PCs, notebook Computers
and tablets, as well as home and business
connectivity products such as Set Top boxes,
gateways, femtocells, home automation
devices and VoIP terminals. High Velocity
Solutions customers range from
multinational corporations to technology
startups.
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Mobile phone signal - Dead zones
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Personal microcells, such as those for a
home, are called femtocells, and generally
have the broadcast range|range of a
cordless phone, but may not be usable for
an MVNO phone
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GSM - Base station subsystem
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Femtocells are cells designed for use
in residential or small business
environments and connect to the
service provider’s network via a
broadband internet connection
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Generic Access Network - UMA/GAN Beyond Dual-mode
'Femtocells' - The GAN standard is
currently used to provide a secure,
managed, standardized interface from a
femtocell to the mobile core network.
Recently Kineto, NEC and Motorola issued
a joint proposal to the 3GPP work group
studying femtocells (also known as ‘Home
Node B's or HNB) to propose GAN as the
basis for that standard.
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Ip.access - History
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In June 2011, the market research and
analysis firm Infonetics named the
company, along with its partner Cisco
Systems, as the leading supplier of 3G
femtocells.Webb, Richard
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Ip.access - nano3G
nano3G is an end-to-end Femtocell
system with access points for Enterprise,
E-class [E8, E16 and E24] and Small
Medium Business, S-class [S8], access
controller and element management
system, providing carrier-class
coverage to commercialWeaver, Pamela.
[http://www.telecoms.com/24665/femto
cells-grow-into-the-enterprise-space/
Femtocells Grow Into the Enterprise
Space], Telecoms.com, February 15,
2011. and consumer users.
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Ip.access - Oyster 3G Technology
Launched at the 2007 3GSM World
Congress in Barcelona,
Spain,Lennighan, Mary.
[http://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?C
=0ID=349112 Femtocells Key for Mobile
Operators - Vendors], Total Telecom,
February 12, 2007. the Oyster 3G is
ip.access' core 3G femtocell technology
used by system integrators and
Oem|OEM customers to integrate
WCDMA femtocells into home gateways,
set-top boxes, and other devices.
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Backhaul (telecommunications) - Wiring issues
:scarcity of wide-area spectrum will
cause a significant migration towards
more local area networks such as
femtocells (small, lower-power radio
transmission stations) and wifi, and will
eventually find a relay in the infinitely
expandable, wired backhaul—the link to
a provider’s core network. Wired fiber
infrastructure can still carry vastly more
data than any wireless system.
[http://www.forbes.com/sites/techonom
y/2012/04/01/the-future-of-wireless-iswired/]
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Femtocell
Femtocells are an alternative way to
deliver the benefits of Technological
convergence#Fixed-mobile
Convergence|fixed-mobile convergence
(FMC). The distinction is that most FMC
architectures require a new (dual-mode)
handset which works with existing
unlicensed spectrum home/enterprise
wireless access points, while a
femtocell-based deployment will work
with existing handsets but requires
installation of a new access point that
uses licensed spectrum.
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Femtocell - Operating mode
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Integrated femtocells (which include both a DSL
router and femtocell) also exist
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Femtocell - Operating mode
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Femtocells require specific hardware, so
existing WiFi or DSL routers cannot be
upgraded to a femtocell.
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Femtocell - Operating mode
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Once installed in a specific location, most
femtocells have protection mechanisms so
that a location change will be reported to
the MNO. Whether the MNO allows
femtocells to operate in a different location
depends on the MNO’s policy.
International location change of a
femtocell is not permitted because the
femtocell transmits licensed frequencies
which belong to different network
operators in different countries.
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Femtocell - Benefits for users
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Femtocells can be used to give
coverage in rural areas.
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Femtocell - Standardised architectures
The standards bodies have published
formal specifications for femtocells for the
most popular technologies, namely
WCDMA, CDMA2000, 3GPP Long Term
Evolution|LTE and WiMAX. These all
broadly conform to an architecture with
three major elements:
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Femtocell - Standardised architectures
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# The femtocell access points themselves,
which embody greater network
functionality than found in macrocell
basestations, such as the radio resource
control functions. This allows much greater
autonomy within the femtocell, enabling
self-configuration and self-optimisation.
Femtocells are connected using
broadband IP, such as DSL or cable
modems, to the network operator’s core
switching centres.
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Femtocell - Standardised architectures
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# The femtocell gateway, comprising a
security gateway that terminates large
numbers of encrypted IP data
connections from hundreds of
thousands of femtocells, and a
signalling gateway which aggregates
and validates the signalling traffic,
authenticates each femtocell and
interfaces with the mobile network
core switches using standard
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Femtocell - Standardised architectures
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In the Iuh architecture, the femtocell
gateway sits between the femtocell
and the core network and performs
the necessary translations to ensure
the femtocells appear as a radio
network controller to existing mobile
switching centres (MSCs)
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Femtocell - Standardised architectures
This is achieved by having the
femtocells behave toward the SIP/IMS
network like a SIP/IMS client by
converting the circuit-switched 3G
signaling to SIP/IMS signaling, and by
transporting the voice traffic over RTP
as defined in the IETF standards.
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Femtocell - Air interfaces
Femtocells are also under
development or commercially
available for GSM, TD-SCDMA,
WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term
Evolution|LTE.
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Femtocell - Issues
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Femtocells are a complicated technology
and there have been a number of issues
and concerns, although as deployments
have increased these have largely been
addressed.
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Femtocell - Interference
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The placement of a femtocell has a critical
effect on the performance of the wider
network, and this is the key issue to be
addressed for successful deployment.
Because femtocells can use the same
frequency bands as the conventional
cellular network, there has been the worry
that rather than improving the situation
they could potentially cause problems.
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Femtocell - Interference
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Ralph de la Vega, ATT President, reported
in June 2011 they recommended against
using femtocells where signal strength
was middle or strong because of
interference problems they discovered
after widescale deployment.de la Vega,
Ralph
[http://allthingsd.com/20110624/ralph-dela-vega-says-att-can-better-as-it-getsbigger-the-full-d9-interviewvideo/?refcat=d9 ], All Things D video
interview 38 minutes in, June 24, 2011,
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Femtocell - Interference
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“We have deployed femtocells co-carrier
with both the hopping channels for GSM
macrocells and with UMTS macrocells.
Interference isn’t a problem. We have
tested femtocells extensively in real
customer deployments of many thousands
of femtocells, and we find that the
mitigation techniques implemented
successfully minimise and avoid
interference. The more femtocells you
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Femtocell - Interference
The Femto Forum has some extensive
reports on this subject, which have been
produced together with 3GPP and
3GPP2.[http://www.femtoforum.org/femto/i
ndex.php?id=69 Interference management
in UMTS femtocells — complete paper],
February
2010[http://www.femtoforum.org/femto/ind
ex.php?id=69 Interference management in
UMTS femtocells — summary paper],
February 2010
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Femtocell - Interference
1
:1. When femtocells are used in areas of
poor or no coverage, macro/femto
interference is unlikely to be a problem.
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Femtocell - Interference
Femtocells can also create a much
better user experience by enabling
substantially higher data rates than
can be obtained with a macro network
and net throughputs that will be
ultimately limited by backhaul in
most cases (over 20 Mbps in 5 MHz).
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Femtocell - Spectrum accuracy
To meet Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) / Ofcom spectral
mask|spectrum mask requirements,
femtocells must generate the radio
frequency signal with a high degree of
precision
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Femtocell - Controversy on consumer proposition
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On the other hand, residential femtocells
normally provide a ‘personal cell’ which
provides benefits only to the owner’s
family and friends.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Femtocell - Deployment
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The equipment is made by Cisco Systems
and ip.access, and was the first 3G femtocell
in US, supporting both voice and data High
Speed Packet Access|HSPA.[
http://localtechwire.com/business/local_tech_
wire/news/blogpost/6090688/ ATT chooses
Raleigh, Charlotte for 3G MicroCell trial],
Local Tech Wire.com, September 28, 2009
Both Sprint and Verizon upgraded to 3G
CDMA femtocells during 2010, with capacity
for more concurrent calls and much higher
data rates.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Femtocell - Deployment
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In May 2010, SoftBank Mobile launched
the first free femtocell offer, providing open
access femtocells free of charge to its
residential and business customers
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Femtocell - Deployment
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Other operators in Europe have followed
since then, with SFR in France with
femtocells provided by Ubiquisys and
Optimus Telecomunicações, S.A
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Next Generation Mobile Networks - Activities
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Also in June 2008 the alliance announced
it would work with the Femto Forum to
ensure femtocells benefit from the
technology.
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LTE Advanced - Proposals
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One of the important LTE Advanced
benefits is the ability to take
advantage of advanced topology
networks; optimized heterogeneous
networks with a mix of macrocells
with low power nodes such as
picocells, femtocells and new relay
nodes
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Picocell
Picocells offer many of the benefits of
small cells (similar to femtocells) in that
they improve data throughput for mobile
users and increase capacity in the mobile
network. In particular, the integration of
picocells with macrocells through a
Heterogeneous Network can be useful in
seamless handoffs and increased mobile
data capacity.
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OpenBTS - Open GSM infrastructure
The OpenBTS Um air interface uses a
software-defined radio transceiver with no
specialized GSM hardware. The original
implementation used a USRP from Ettus
Research, but has since been expanded
to support several digital radios in
implementations ranging from full-scale
base stations to embedded femtocells.
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Mobile data offloading - Alternatives
Femtocells use standard cellular radio
technologies, thus any mobile device is
capable of participating in the data
offloading process, though some
modification is needed to accommodate
the different backhaul connection.Scherzer
Shimon Femtocell vs
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Advanced Wireless Services - United States
* Mosaic
Telecom[http://finance.yahoo.com/n
ews/mosaic-telecom-launches-homecell-130500251.html Mosaic Telecom
Launches Home Cell Product with
Ubiquisys AWS Femtocells].
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Fixed-mobile convergence
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In this definition “fixed broadband” means a
connection to the Internet, such as DSL,
Cable Internet access|cable or T1. “Local
access wireless” means Wi-Fi or something
like it. BT’s initial FMC service[
http://www.btplc.com/News/Presentations/Ge
neralpresentations/Bluephone.htm BT
Fusion] used Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi for
the local access wireless. The advent of
picocells and femtocells means that local
access wireless can be cellular radio
technology.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
PicoChip
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Picochip was one of the first companies
to start placing femtocells, mini cell
base stations, in homes and offices. The
femtocells help combat reception issues
such as: dropped calls, poor sound
quality, delays, and slow downloads. The
idea is to help with the congestion of cell
phone towers by allowing them to hold
more cellphone traffic. The femtocell is
very cost-effective, which is ideal
because it makes connection free and
does not interfere with other towers or
frequencies.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
PicoChip - Multi-core DSP
Although the picoArray architecture is
generic and could in principle be used for
any DSP application, the company has
stated its strategy is to focus on wireless
infrastructure. In particular, the processor
is widely used for baseband processing in
WiMAX base stations and for femtocells.
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PicoChip - Femtocells and small cells
Picochip was one of the earliest
companies to be active in femtocells and
small cells, and first demonstrated a
prototype at Mobile World
Congress|MWC2005. The company has
since developed a range of system on a
chip (SoC) products named picoXcell. The
company supplied SoCs into the small cell
market, and claimed to have 70% share of
the High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
market according to data from ABI
Research.
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User-in-the-loop - Benefits
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New approaches require to spend even more money
and power, e.g. for pico- and femtocells.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Tiered service - History
The FCC suggested a number of
solutions to the problem including
greater use of the unlicensed Wi-Fi
spectrum, more femtocells, and more
efficient arrangement of cell towers, but
even these measures were not believed
to be enough to keep spectrum bands
open
1
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Small cell - Types of small cells
Small cells encompass femtocells,
picocells, and microcells. Small-cell
networks can also be realized by means of
distributed radio technology consisting of
centralized baseband units and remote
radio heads. Beamforming technology
(focusing a radio signal on a very specific
area) can be utilized to further enhance or
focus small cell coverage. A common
factor in all these approaches to small
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Small cell - Types of small cells
Small cells provide a small radio
footprint, which can range from 10
meters within urban and in-building
locations to 2km for a rural
location.[http://www.picochip.com/pag
e/99/ Small cell range] Picocells and
microcells can also have a range of a few
hundred meters to a few kilometers, but
they differ from femtocells in that they
do not always have self-organising and
self-management
capabilities.[http://ubiquisys.com/femt
ocell-blog/small-cell-terminology-isevolving-with-the-technology-femtocell1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Small cell - Purpose
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ABI Research also believes that small
cells also help service providers
discover new revenue opportunities
through their location and presence
information, argues ABI
Research.[http://www.wilsonstreet.com/2011/02/monetizing-thefive-bar-lifestyle-with-femtocells/
Monetizing the five bar lifestyle] If a
registered user enters a femtozone,
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Small cell - Umbrella term
The term small cells is frequently
used by analysts and the industry as
an umbrella to describe the different
implementations of
femtocells,[http://www.wilsonstreet.com/2010/12/forget-femtothink-small-cell/ Forget femto think
small cell] and to clear up any
confusion that femtocells are limited
to residential uses
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Small cell - Future mobile networks
In 4G networks, the principal of
heterogeneous network (HetNet) is
introduced where the mobile network is
constructed with layers of small and
large
cells.[http://www.lightreading.com/doc
ument.asp?doc_id=204134
Heterogeneous Networks] In LTE, all
cells will be self-organizing, drawing
upon the principles laid down in current
Home NodeB (HNB), the 3GPP term for
1
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Small cell - Deployment
9.6 million residential femtocells have
been deployed, representing 56% of all
base stations globally, as of February
2013. In total, almost 11 million small cells
encompassing public, enterprise and
residential have been deployed by 47
operators
worldwide.[http://www.smallcellforum.org/n
ewsstory-public-access-small-cell-marketto-hit-us-16-billion-in-2016 Public access
small cell market to hit US$16 billion in
2016], February 2013.
1
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Open Garden - Products
1
Because Open Garden’s solution is
built on software, rather than on
hardware, it requires no operational
expenses and minimal capital
expenses from mobile operators,
compared to alternatives such as
femtocells and microcells.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Fixed Mobile Convergence
In this definition “fixed broadband”
means a connection to the Internet, such
as DSL, Cable Internet access|cable or T1.
“Local access wireless” means Wi-Fi or
something like it. BT’s initial FMC
service[http://www.btplc.com/News/Prese
ntations/Generalpresentations/Bluephone.
htm BT Fusion] used Bluetooth rather
than Wi-Fi for the local access wireless.
The advent of picocells and femtocells
means that local access wireless can be
cellular radio technology.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMO
The first 4G cellular standard was
proposed by NTT DoCoMo in 2004. Long
term evolution (LTE) is based on MIMOOFDM and continues to be developed by
the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up
to 300 Mbit/s, uplink rates up to 75 Mbit/s,
and quality of service parameters such as
low latency. LTE Advanced adds support
for picocells, femtocells, and multi-carrier
channels up to 100MHz wide. LTE has
been embraced by both GSM/UMTS and
CDMA operators.
1
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HDVSL - Technology
It is believed that this CDN will be
interfaced with a global network of
femtocells to provide wireless HDVSL
connectivity using the unlicensed
femtocell bands initially and then
migrating to the 90GHz band.
1
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Access point base station - Standardised architectures
In the Iuh architecture, the femtocell
gateway sits between the femtocell and
the core network and performs the
necessary translations to ensure the
femtocells appear as a radio network
controller to existing mobile switching
centres (MSCs)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Access point base station - Interference
1
Ralph de la Vega, ATT President, reported in
June 2011 they recommended against using
femtocells where signal strength was middle
or strong because of interference problems
they discovered after widescale
deployment.de la Vega, Ralph
[http://allthingsd.com/20110624/ralph-de-lavega-says-att-can-better-as-it-gets-biggerthe-full-d9-interview-video/?refcat=d9 ], All
Things D video interview 38 minutes in, June
24, 2011, accessed June 28, 2011
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Access point base station - Deployment
1
In May 2010, SoftBank Mobile launched
the first free femtocell offer, providing open
access femtocells free of charge to its
residential and business customers
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html
Cellcom (United States) - Femtocells
In 2009, Cellcom received the first
Femtocell Industry Award for
significant progress or commercial
launch by a small carrier at the
Femtocells World Summit in
London.http://www.mavenir.com/cell
com-femtocell.htm
1
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