Download INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

NETWORKING
TECHNOLOGIES
(Tuesday 3/4/2008)
BUS3500 - Abdou Illia, Spring 2008
1
LEARNING GOALS

Identify the major hardware components
in networks.

Identify and explain the various types of
computer networks.

Identify the various types of transmission
media

Describe the role of software used in
networks.
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Why Networking ?


Resource sharing
High reliability
 Same
resources at different places
 Fault tolerance


Cost saving
Communication tool
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Computer Network

Once connected to the network,
the computer (or another device)
becomes a network node
An interconnection of computers and
computing equipment using either wires
or radio waves over small or large
geographic distances
GHI
DEF
ABC
MNO
“Connect to GHI”
JKL
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Network scope

Local area network (LAN): computer network
where the nodes are all in close proximity
spanning a room, building, or campus

Metropolitan area network (MAN): network that
serves an area of 3 to 30 miles - approximately
the area of a typical city.

Wide area network (WAN): a large network that
encompasses parts of states, multiple states,
countries, and the world
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Physical
Transmission Media

Physical media



Wireless
Transmission media used to physically connect
nodes in to the network
Transmits electrical or optical signals
Could be cooper wire or fiber optic cable
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Transmission Media (Continued)
Twisted Pair

Category
Use
Signal
Data rate
Distance
Problem
Category 1
Telephone
Analog/Digital
<100Kbps
3-4 miles
Security, noise
Category 2
T1, ISDN
Digital
<2 Mbps
3-4 miles
Security, noise
Category 3
LANs
Digital
10 Mbps
100 m
Security, noise
Category 4
LANs
Digital
20 Mbps
100 m
Security, noise
Category 5
LANs
Digital
100 Mhz
100 m
Security, noise
Category 6
LANs
Digital
250 Mhz
100 m
Security, noise
Category 7
LANs
Digital
600 Mhz
100 m
Security, noise

Fiber optic




Source
Thin glass fibers surrounded by coating
Uses lasers or light for data transmission
Very fast (10+ Gbps, 100 miles without any repeater)
Very secure
Photo diode
(LED or LD)
Photo receptor
Fiber optic cable (LED or LD)
Destination
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Wireless Media



Uses electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation
for data transmission
Propagation through space, and indirectly, through solid
objects
Two kinds of wireless media used

Radio waves (radio Frequency)

Infrared light




Affected by Multipath interference
Highly vulnerable to snooping
Limited distance
Blocked by thick objects

Close proximity and “line of sight” location required
Laptop
Comm.
Tower
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Computing Equipment

Network interface card (NIC): Device that


provides a computer with unique address
Converts data into signal for transmission

Hub / Switch: Central collection point for
transmission media that interconnect computers

Modem


Router



Converts digital data into analog signal and back again
special hardware that determines optimal routing path for
data packets
Usually used to connect a LAN to a WAN
Bridge

Forwards messages between LANs
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Small Network illustrated
Hub or Switch
Wide Area
Network
Router
Media
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Network Software

Network operating system




Workstation operating system



Used on servers
Used for managing network resources
Examples: Novell NetWare, Windows Server 2003
Used on client PCs
Used to manage local resources & access network
resources
Network monitoring software


Packet sniffers – allow seeing data as it moves over
network
Keystroke monitors – allow seeing what users are
typing
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Network Topologies

The configurations of network components



How physically the network looks like
How logically data is transferred on the network
Types of network topologies:




Bus
Star
Ring
Mesh
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Bus Network Topology
Most simple network topology
 All devices connected to a common central
cable called a “bus”
 Inexpensive
 If cable fails, the entire network will shut
down

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Star Network Topology
Centered around
central device called
a hub or a switch
 All network nodes
connect to the
hub/switch
 Easy to install and
update
 If hub fails, network
fails

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Ring Topology

Node connected to a
logical ring in a central
device called MAU

More reliable than bus or
star


Only one node sends at a
time (no collisions)
Expensive and limited
speed
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Mesh Network Topology
Every node connected
to every other node
 Reliable



Expensive


If one device goes
down, it is the only node
affected
Every node must be
wired to every other
node
Difficult to add nodes

If 32 nodes in a mesh
network and wish to add
a new node, how many
new cables?
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Network Architecture

Defines how the
processing takes
place on the network

Two primary types


Client-server
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
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Client-server Network Architecture
Nodes are either clients or servers
 Clients use services
 Servers provide services






File service
E-mail service
Printing service
Database service
Client software on client node cooperates
with server software on server node

The WWW is the largest client server application
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Client-server Network Architecture

Collaboration between Client and Server
program
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Client-server Network Architecture

Division of Labor

Client program handles lighter work, such
as user interface chores and light
processing chores

Server program handles heavy work, such
as database retrieval
Server
Program
Client Program
Client Machine
Server 20
Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture


All nodes on the network are equal.
Any node can be both a client and a server.
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Summary Questions
Book
1) Name categories of computer networks based on their
scope; i.e. their range of operation
Notes
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2) Name one example of: (a) WAN, (b) LAN
3) Name physical and wireless media used in networking
4) What is the role of (a) a modem, (b) a router, (c) a
bridge?
6-8
9
5) What is the difference between a Network operating
system and a workstation operating system?
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6) What is a network topology?
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7) Distinguish between network topologies
13-16
8) Distinguish between Client-server and P2P networks
18-21
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