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Enterprise IP Solutions OfficeServ 7x00 Quick Install Guide - Data Server – L3 Routing Mar, 2006 OfficeServ Lab. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. 7400 -0/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Contents L3 Routing Overview Static Route Configuration RIP Configuration OSPF Configuration 7400 -1/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 1. Introduction Static routing is fine if the network is small, there is a single connection point to other networks, and there are no redundant routes. If any of these conditions is false, dynamic routing is normally used. Look at the dynamic routing protocols used by routers to communicate with each other. 7400 -2/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 2. IGP 와 EGP -. IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) . Routing protocol to communicate between the routers in each AS. . RIP (Routing Information Protocol) . OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) -. EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) . Routing protocols that are used between the routers in different ASs. . BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) EGP AS AS IGP 7400 -3/35- IGP Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview -. Popular routing protocols 7400 -4/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview -. Autonomous systems Interior routing Exterior routing 7400 -5/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 3. Routing information -. Example R 172.16.8.0 [120/2] via 172.16.7.9, 00:00:23, eth0 R -- How the route was learned (RIP) 172.16.8.0 -- Destination logical network or subnet 120 -- Administrative distance /2 -- Metric Value 00:00:23 -- Age of entry eth0 -- outgoing interface -. Metric If there are multiple paths within the AS from a router to a network, the router selects the path with the smallest hop count. -. RIP : Hop Counts -. OSPF : Bandwidth, Cost, …. 7400 -6/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview -. Administrative distance 7400 -7/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 4. Static Route (example) 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24 s0 e0 s0 B C 130.140.1.1/24 130.120.1.1/24 e0 130.140.1.2/24 e0 D e0 A e1 130.150.1.1/24 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 E Router B ip route 130.100.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.120.1.1 ip route 130.140.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.130.1.2 ip route 130.150.1.0 255.255.255.0 130.130.1.2 7400 -8/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP • Use UDP datagram • UDP datagram Format IP header 20 bytes UDP header RIP message 8bytes • Metric: Hop Counts • Hop Count’s limit : 15 7400 -9/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP • • is based on distance vector routing, which uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm for calculating the routing tables. Distance Vector Routing – each router periodically shares its knowledge about the entire internet with neighbors – the operational principles of this algorithm 1. Sharing knowledge about the entire autonomous system 2. Sharing only with neighbors 3. Sharing at regular intervals (ex, every 30 seconds) Distance Vector Routing Table 7400 -10/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP -. RIPv1 message format Version(1) Address family(2) (must be zero) (must be zero) Command(1-6) 32-bit IP address (must be zero) (must be zero) Metric(1-16) (up to 24 more routes, with same format as previous 20 bytes) Command : request (1) or response (2) Version of RIPv1 : 1 Address : destination network address Distance : defining the hop count from the advertising router to the destination network 7400 -11/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP -. RIPv2 message format command(1-6) Version(2) routing domain address family(2) Routing tag 32-bit IP address 32-bit subnet mask 32-bit next-hop IP address 20bytes metric(1-16) (up to 24 more roues, with same format as previous 20 bytes) Route Tag : carrying information such as the autonomous system number Subnet mask : carrying the subnet mask Next-hop address : showing the next hop 7400 -12/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP • Timers in RIP – Periodic timer : controlling the advertisements of regular update messages – expiration timer : governing the validity of a route – the garbage collection timer : advertising the failure of a route • Periodic timer – controlling the advertising of regular update messages – using random number between 25 to 35 seconds 7400 -13/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP • Expiration timer – In normal situation, the new update for a route occurs every 30 seconds – But, if there is a problem on an Internet and no update is received within the allotted 180 seconds, the route is considered expired and the hop count of the route is set to 16. – Each router has its own expiration timer. • Garbage Collection Timer – When the information about a route becomes invalid, the router continues to advertise the route with a metric value of 16 and the garbage collection timer is set to 120 sec for that route – When the count reaches zero, the route is purged from the table. 7400 -14/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP Timer Example A routing table has 20 entries. It does not receive information about five routes for 200 seconds. How many timers are running at this time? The timers are listed below: Periodic timer: 1 Expiration timer: 20 - 5 = 15 Garbage collection timer: 5 7400 -15/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP -. Routing update 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 RIPv1(Broadcast) 224.0.0.9 224.0.0.9 RIPv2(Multicast) 7400 -16/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP -. Routing update 7400 -17/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 5. RIP (Example) Router C router rip 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 network 130.130.1.0/24 130.130.1.1/24 network 130.140.1.0/24 s0 e0 s0 B C 130.120.1.1/24 e0 130.140.1.1/24 130.140.1.2/24 e0 D e0 A e1 130.150.1.1/24 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 E Router A Router B Router D Router E router rip router rip router rip router rip network 130.100.1.0/24 network 130.120.1.0/24 network 130.140.1.0/24 network 130.150.1.0/24 network 130.120.1.0/24 network 130.130.1.0/24 network 130.150.1.0/24 7400 -18/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF In a distance-vector protocol, each router sends and receives the messages which contain a vector of distances.(hop counts) In a link-state protocol, each router actively tests the status of its link to each of its neighbors, sends this info. to its other neighbors, which then propagate it throughout the AS. From a practical perspective, the important difference is that a link-state protocol will always converge faster than a distance vector protocol. Backbone router Area border router Internal router Area 0 Area 1 7400 Area n -19/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Features that make OSPF superior to RIP – OSPF can calculate a separate set of routes for each IP type-of-service. – Each interface is assigned a dimensionless cost.(throughput, RTT, etc.) – Load balancing: When several equal-cost routes to a destination, OSPF distributes traffic equally among the routes. – OSPF supports subnets. – Point-to-point links bet’n routers do not need an IP addr. at each end. – A simple authentication scheme can be used. – OSPF uses multicasting instead of broadcasting. 7400 -20/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF RIP via OSPF Function/Feature RIPv1 RIPv2 OSPF Standard number RFC 1058 RFC 1723 RFC 2178 Link-state protocol No No Yes Large range of metrics Hop count(16 = infinity) Hop count(16 = infinity) Yes, based on 1-65,535 Update policy Routing table every 30 seconds Routing table every 30 seconds When link state change Or every 30 minutes Update address Broadcast Broadcast, multicast multicast Dead interval 300 seconds total 300 seconds total Variable settings Supports authentication No Yes Yes Convergence time Media delay + Dead interval Variable-length subnets NO Yes Yes Type of service(TOS) NO NO Yes Network diameter 15 hops 15 hops 65,355 possible 7400 Variable(based on Variable(based on Number of routers * DI) Number of router * DI) -21/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF OSPF Message Format 7400 -22/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Hierarchical Routing • • Consists of areas and autonomous systems Minimize routing update traffic Area 0 Area 1 Area 2 Autonomous System 7400 -23/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF The Backbone and Virtual Links • Backbone center of communication • Virtual link provide path to backbone • Avoid configuring virtual link if possible Area 0 Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 7400 -24/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Link-State DB & Advertisement • • Link-State DB – represents the network topology – shared with OSPF routers in same area LSA (Link-State Advertisement) – sourced by router connected to link – flooded by all other routers in area – transmitted at each link-state change LSA 7400 -25/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Link-State Advertisement Operation LSA LSA LSA Is entry in topological database LSA received N add to database 7400 -26/35- Y reset timer for entry flood LSA run SPF to caculate new table Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Type of Link-State Packets external network ABR router ASBR summary OSPF routing table external AS O - OSPF derived intra-area (router) IA - inter-area (summary) E1 - type 1 external E2 - type 2 external 7400 -27/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Configuration Example 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 130.130.1.1/24 s0 e0 s0 B C 130.140.1.1/24 Area 0 130.120.1.1/24 e0 130.140.1.2/24 e0 D e0 A e1 Area 2 130.150.1.1/24 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 Area 1 E Router B Router C Router D router ospf router ospf router ospf network 130.130.1.0/24 area0 network 130.130.1.0/24 area0 network 130.140.1.0/24 area2 network 130.120.1.0/24 area1 network 130.140.1.0/24 area2 network 130.150.1.0/24 area2 7400 -28/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Overview 6. OSPF Router C router ospf 100 Virtual Link Example network 130.130.1.0 area 0 network 130.140.1.0 area 2 area 2 virtual-link 130.150.1.1 Router D router ospf 100 130.130.1.2/24 130.120.1.2/24 network 130.140.1.0 area 2 130.130.1.1/24 s0 e0 network 130.150.1.0 area 3 area 2 virtual-link 130.140.1.1 s0 B C Area 0 130.120.1.1/24 130.140.1.1/24 e0 130.140.1.2/24 e0 D e0 Area 3 A e1 Area 2 130.150.1.1/24 e1 130.100.1.1/24 e1 130.150.1.2/24 Area 1 E 7400 -29/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Static Route 1. Configuration -. Configure routing entry using static route. -. We can use Default GW option of Interface 165.213.100.0 165.213.89.237 Network 165.213.89.238 ip route 165.213.100.0 255.255.255.0 165.213.89.238 or ip route 165.213.100.0/24 165.213.89.238 7400 -30/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. Static Route 2. Static Route command & status -. For static route using Input Configuration Command -. Current Configuration Status add static route 7400 -31/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. RIP Configuration 1. Configuration OS7400 #1 192.168.30.0/24 172.16.0.0/24 OS7400 #2 10.0.0.0/24 OS7400 #3 30.0.0.0/24 OS7400 #1 configuration PC #2 30.0.0.100 router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected PC #1 10.0.0.100 OS7400 #2 Routing Table OS7400 #2 configuration R>* 10.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:01:23 R>* 30.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:02 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 network 192.168.30.0/24 redistribute connected OS7400 #3 configuration router rip version 2 (or version 1) network 172.16.0.0/24 redistribute connected 7400 OS7400 #3 Routing Table R>* C>* C>* C>* R>* -32/35- 10.0.0.0/8 [120/3] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:03:09 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 192.168.30.0/24 [120/2] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:01:08 Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. RIP Configuration 2. RIP command and status Example) Configuration of OS7400 #3 -. RIP version 2 -. Redistribute Connected route (address of Network Interface) 7400 -33/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. OSPF Configuration 1. Configuration OS7400 #1 192.168.30.0/24 172.16.0.0/24 OS7400 #2 10.0.0.0/24 OS7400 #3 30.0.0.0/24 PC #2 30.0.0.100 OS7400 #1 configuration PC #1 10.0.0.100 router ospf network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected OS7400 #2 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 network 192.168.30.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected OS7400 #3 configuration router ospf network 172.16.0.0/24 area 0 redistribute connected 7400 OS7400 #2 Routing Table O>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.30.1, eth0, 00:04:21 O>* 30.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.2, eth1, 00:02:22 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo O 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth1, 00:04:22 C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 O 192.168.30.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:04:22 C>* 192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 OS7400 #3Routing Table O>* 10.0.0.0/24 [110/20] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:31 C>* 30.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo O 172.16.0.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 00:03:10 C>* 172.16.0.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 O>* 192.168.30.0/24 [110/74] via 172.16.0.1, eth0, 00:02:32 -34/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved. OSPF Configuration 2. OSPF command and status Example) Configuration of OS7400 #3 -. OSPF area 0 -. Redistribute connected route (address of Network Interface) 7400 -35/35- Samsung Confidential & Proprietary Information Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved.
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