Download South and East Asia - St. Charles Parish Public Schools

South and East Asia
Geographical Context
Essential Knowledge
Remember prehistory?
Ceramics in China date back as far as 18,30017,500 BCE.
 Japanese ceramics date back to 10,500 BCE.
 Sophisticated Neolithic and Bronze Age
civilizations flourished across Asia including the
Indus Valley civilization in Pakistan and India, the
Yangshao and Longshan cultures and Shang
Dynasty in China, the Dongsun culture in SE Asia,
and the Yayoi and Kofun cultures in Japan.
 *Shared cultural and religious ideals helped to
shape the regional identities of people in Asia.
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Essential Knowledge/Religions
The ancient view that dominated South
Asia differentiated earthly and cosmic
realms of existence while recognizing
certain sites and beings as sacred.
 They believed time and life to be cyclic.
 All worked within this worldview and
sought spiritual release and diving union.
 These ideals held strong even during
numerous attempts at Indian occupation.
 Hinduism; Buddhism; Janism; Sikhism
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Hinduism
As groups, review the information from
Khan Academy found from the following
link:
https://www.khanacademy.org/partnercontent/asian-art-museum/aamhinduism/a/beliefs-of-hinduism
 Take notes and prepare to discuss.
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Buddhism
As groups, review the information from
Khan Academy found from the following
link:
https://www.khanacademy.org/partnercontent/asian-artmuseum/buddhism/a/introduction-tobuddhism
 Take notes and prepare to discuss.
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Janism
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Jainism is an ancient religion from India
that teaches that the way to liberation
and bliss is to live a life of harmlessness
and renunciation. The aim of Jain life is to
achieve liberation of the soul.
Sikhism
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Sikhism (/ˈsɪkᵻzəm/; Sikkhī, Punjabi
pronunciation: [ˈsɪkːʰiː]), or Sikhi (from Sikh,
meaning a disciple, or a learner), one of the
youngest amongst the major world religions,
is a monotheistic religion that originated in
the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent
during the 15th century.
Sikhism preaches a message of devotion and
remembrance of God at all times, truthful
living, equality of mankind and denounces
superstitions and blind rituals.
Essential Knowledge/Religions
East Asian religions emphasize the
interconnectedness of humans with both
the natural world and spirit world.
 Religions focused almost more on ethical
set of behaviors.
 Daoism; Confucianism; Shinto
 *Make note that in large countries,
multiple religions will be practiced.
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Daoism
As groups, review the information from
Khan Academy found from the following
link:
https://www.khanacademy.org/partnercontent/asian-art-museum/aamChina/a/taoism-in-the-tang-and-songdynasties
 Take notes and prepare to discuss.
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Confucianism
Video Introduction:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylWO
RyToTo4
 Take notes and prepare to discuss.
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Essential Knowledge/Religions
South, East, and Southeast Asia were also
home to foreign cultures and religions.
 Islamic influence is particularly strong in
India, Malaysia, and Indonesia- all fell under
at least partial Islamic control during the
2nd millennium CE.
 Today South and Southeast Asia are home
to largest Muslim populations.
 Christianity is present across the region.
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Enduring Understanding
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Trade greatly affected Asian Art and
development.
2 important trading networks:
1) Silk Route- linked Europe to Asia, connecting the Indian
subcontinent to overland trade routes throughout Asia.
 2) Maritime Trade- utilized seasonal monsoon winds to
move trade between North Africa, West Asia, South and
Southeast Asia, and South China.
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These trade routes will prove vital in sharing
ideas and artistic techniques across vast
territories and into Europe.
Chinese Sculpture
Large scale; sign of grandeur
 Despite enormous scale, artistic integrity
remains intact
 Many sculptures are in situ- probably a
technique imported from India
 At the same time, Chinese sculpture is
also known for intricately designed
miniature objects
 Those made of jade are particularly
praised for beauty and durability.
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Terra cotta warriors from mausoleum of the first Qin
emperor of China (*IS- 2 images)
Terra cotta warriors from mausoleum of the
first Qin emperor of China (*IS- 2 images)
Qin Dynasty; c. 221-209 BCE
 Painted terra cotta
 About 8,000 warriors, 100 wooden
chariots, 2 bronze chariots, and 30,000
weapons buried as part of the tomb of
Emperor Shi Huangdi
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Terra cotta warriors from mausoleum of the first
Qin emperor of China (*IS- 2 images)
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Soldiers stand 6 feet tall; taller
than the average person of the
time
Some fierce, some proud, some
confident
Symbolizes a Chinese army
marching into the next world
Daoism seen in the
individualization of each soldier,
despite large numbers
Originally colorfully painted
Discovered in 1974
https://www.khanacademy.org/tes
t-prep/ap-art-history/south-eastse-asia/china-art/v/mausoleum-ofthe-first-qin-emperor-unescotbs
Chinese Painting
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Many formats: album leaves; fans; murals; scrolls.
Scrolls have 2 formats:
1) Hand scroll which is horizontal and can be read on a desk or table
2) Hanging scroll which is supported by a pole or hung for a time on a wall and unraveled
vertically
No scrolls were allowed to be permanent fixtures in
a home; they were not for decoration
Scrolls were stored away in specifically designed
cabinets.
Scrolls were read right to left
Sometimes paper, but silk was preferred
Silks were attached to wooden dowels; separated
into panels
Square red markings denote the artist.
Chinese Painting
Landscapes are highly prized
 Like their European counterparts, they do
not seek to represent a particular setting
but an artistic construct yielding a
philosophical ideal
 Typically some parts are barren while
others are crowded- meant to represent
the Daoist theory of yin and yangopposites flow into one another.
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Chinese Painting
Another specialty is porcelain.
 Subtle and refined vase shapes were
imaginatively painted. Appear to be
utilitarian but are actually designed to
stand alone as art.
 Sophisticated glazing techniques were
applied to add sheen and also protection.
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Literati
The literati: artists who rejected the
restrictive nature of the court and
developed a highly individualized style.
 Worked as painters, furniture makers,
landscape architects, and more.
 Often they were scholars and not
professional artists
 By tradition, the literati did not sell their
works but instead gave them to foends
and connoisseurs.
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Funeral Banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui) (*IS)
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180 BCE
Painted silk; over 6 feet
long
Han Dynasty, China
Lady Dai died in 168
BCE
Tomb discovered in
1972; contained over
100 objects
The t-shaped banner
covered the inner
coffin of the intact
body (Compare to…)
Funeral Banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui) (*IS)
The banner was
probably carried in a
procession to the
tomb then placed
over the body to
speed its journey to
the afterlife
 Yin symbols on left;
yang symbols on
right; center mixes
the two philosophies
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Funeral Banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui) (*IS)
Painted in 3 distinct regions
 Top: Heaven with a crescent
moon at left; legend of the 10
suns at the right; in the center,
two seated officers guard the
entrance to the heavenly world
 Middle: Earth with Lady Dai in
center on white platform about
to make her journey with a
walking stick found in the tomb;
mourners by her side; dragon
bodies are intertwined to
represent yin and yang
 Bottom: the underworld;
symbolic low creatures frame the
underworld scene: fish, turtles,
dragon tails; tomb guardians
protect the body
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Buddhist Architecture
The principle place of early Buddhist worship is
the stupa- a mound shaped shrine that has no
interior.
 Stupas serve as reliquaries; worshippers gain
spiritual merit through close proximity to its
contents.
 A staircase leads the worshipper from the base to
the drum.
 The stupa has cosmic symbolism because
Buddhists pray while walking in a clockwise or
easterly direction. The stupa’s distinctive shape is
that of a hemisphere, thus cosmic symbolism.
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Buddhist Architecture
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The stupa is also conceived as being a symbol of
Mt. Meru, the mountain that connects the earth
to the heavens according to Buddhist cosmology.
Each stupa has a central mast of 3 umbrellas at
the top of the monument.
Umbrellas signify the 3 jewels of Buddhism: The
Buddha, the Law, the Community of Monks.
A square enclosure around the umbrella
symbolizes a sacred tree surrounded by a fence.
4 toranas, at the cardinal points of the compass,
act as elaborate gateways to the structure.
Great Stupa at Sanchi (*IS- 4 images)
Great Stupa at Sanchi (*IS- 4 images)
Great Stupa at Sanchi (*IS- 4 images)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qQfox91jB4
Madhya Pradesh, India
Late Sunga Dynasty
C. 300 BCE- 100 CE
Stone masonry, sandstone on dome
Buddhist- all architecture from previous slides apply, see
blueprint
Originally painted white
Hemispherical dome is symbolic of heaven
On torana- richly carved scenes; high relief; empty throne
or meditation tree represents Buddha who does himself
appear
600 donor names are inscribed- men and well as women,
common people as well as monks
C2F2- Writing Task
Compare the Great Stupa at Sanchi to
another religious site of your choice, but
the second work must come from a
different culture.
 Thoroughly explore all components of
C2F2 in your written response.
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Longmen Caves (*IS- 3 images)
Longmen Caves (*IS- 3 images)
Longmen Caves (*IS- 3 images)
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https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/artasia/imperial-china/northern-wei/v/longmen-grottoesunesconhk
Luoyang, China
Tang Dynasty, 493-1127 CE
Limestone
Caves along the banks of the Yi
River
Sculptures and reliefs carved
from the existing rock; some
colossal, some small
Documents attest that some
800,000 people worked on this
site
110,000 Buddhist stone statues
More than 60 stupas
Longmen Caves (*IS- 3 images)
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2,800 inscriptions on steles
One inscription states that
Empress Wu Zetian was the
principal patroness; she used
private funds to finance the
project
Buddha is arranges to appear
as if on an altar of a temple,
deeply set into the rock face
Vairocana Buddha with monk
attendants, bodhisattvas, and
guardians
Elongated legs and
exaggerated poses.
Borbudur Temple (*IS- 3 images)
Borbudur Temple (*IS- 3 images)
Borbudur Temple (*IS- 3 images)
Central Java, Indonesia
 Sailendra Dynasty, c. 750-842 CE
 Volcanic stone masonry
 Massive Buddhist monument that contains:
1. 504 life-size Buddhas
2. 1,460 narrative relief sculptures on 1,300
panels that were 8,200 feet long
3. 1,500 stupas and one million carved blocks
of stone
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Borbudur Temple (*IS- 3 images)
Ichnographically complex
and intricate; may reflect
Buddhist cosmology
 Meant to be
circumambulated on each
terrace; six concentric
square terraces topped by
three circular tiers with a
great stupa at the summit.
 5 terraces of identical
stepped square plan
 72 openwork Buddhas
each with a preaching
mudra
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Borbudur Temple (*IS- 3 images)
Pyramidal in form; aligned
with 4 cardinal points
 Lower stories represent
the world of desire and
negative impulses
 Middle areas represent the
world of forms; people
must control their negative
impulses
 Top story is the world of
formulas where the
physical world and worldly
desire is expunged
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Borbudur Temple (*IS- 3 images)
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Queen Maya riding a
horse carriage retreating
to Lumbini to give birth
to Siddharta Gautama
Densely packed= horror
vacui
Queen is majestic and at
rest before giving birth
Brought to the city in a
great procession
Ready to give birth to
her son, the Buddha
Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of Angkor Thom,
Cambodia (*IS- 5 images)
Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of Angkor
Thom, Cambodia (*IS- 6 images)
Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of Angkor
Thom, Cambodia (*IS- 6 images)
Bit about Hindu
architecture
 “Walk-through”
 https://www.khanaca
demy.org/partnercontent/asian-artmuseum/southeastasia1/CambodiaMyanmar/v/angkortemple-mountains
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Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of Angkor Thom,
Cambodia (*IS- 6 images)
C. 800-1400
Stone masonry; sandstone
Capital of medieval Cambodia built by Suryavarman II
Main pyramid is surrounded by 4 corner towers;
creates a temple mountain; 5 towers symbolize the 5
peaks of Mt. Meru
 The temple is dedicated to Vishnu (preserver and god
of creation; one of 3 main deities in Hinduism)
 Horror vacui of sculptural reliefs
 Sculptures are in rhythmic dance poses; repetition of
shapes
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Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of
Angkor Thom, Cambodia (*IS- 6 images)
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Complex constructed
by successive kings
installing various
deities in the complex.
Kings identified
themselves with the
gods they installed.
(Just like?...)
Influenced by Indian
use of corbelled
vaulting
Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of Angkor
Thom, Cambodia (*IS- 6 images)
Churning of the ocean of
milk
 Story from the Hindu
religion- trying to obtain
the nectar of immortal
life by churning the stars
 Both gods ( devas) and
devils (asuras) churn the
ocean to guarantee
immortality
 Vishnu wraps a serpent
around Mandara;
mountain rotates the sea
and churns it.
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Temple of Angkor Wat and the city of
Angkor Thom, Cambodia (*IS- 6 images)
Jayavarman VII as Buddha
 Patron of Angkor Thom
 Most powerful and
famous Khmer monarch
 Heavily influenced by his
wives who were sisters;
married the second after
the first’s death.
 Devoted to Buddhism,
but some Hindu
iconography is present.
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Lakshmana Temple (*IS- 4 images)
Lakshmana Temple (*IS- 4 images)
Lakshmana Temple (*IS- 4 images)
Khajuraho, India
 Hindu
 Chandella Dynasty c. 930-950 CE
 Ashlar masonry (finest); sandstone
 Corebelled roofs have a beehive quality
 Hindu temple grouped with a series of
other temples
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Lakshmana Temple (*IS- 4 images)
Compact proportions
 Note the sandara- inner ambulatory
 East/west axis receives direct rays from
the rising sun
 Harmonious integration of architecture
and sculpture
 Figures are sensuous but clothed
 Regeneration is a theme.
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Todai-ji (*IS- 4 images)
Todai-ji (*IS- 4 images)
Bit about Japanese rchitecture and
sculpture
 Nara, Japan
 Various artists including sculptors Unkei
and KeiKei as well as the Kei School
 743 CE; rebuilt c 1700
 Bronze and wood (sculpture)
 Wood with ceramic roofing (architecture)
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Todai-ji (*IS- 4 images)
Great Eastern Temple- refers to its eastern
location in the city of Nara
 Noted for its colossal sculpture of the
seated image of the Vairocana Buddha
 The temple and Buddha have been raised
many times during military unrest
 Seven external bays on façade
 Influenced by Chinese sculptures (Longmen)
 Once was the largest wooden building in the
world.
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Gold and Jade Crown (*IS- add to sheet)
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Three Kingdoms Period
Silla Kingdom, Korea
5th-6th century CE
Metalwork
Uncovered in Korea in a
royal tomb
Symbolizes geometric
trees
Antler forms were
influenced by Shamanistic
practices in Siberia
Very lightweight; probably
ceremonial- perhaps only
for burial
Travelers among Mountains and Streams (*IS)
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Fan Kuan
C 1000 CE
Ink on silk
Taipei, Taiwan
Daoist philosophyartist isolates himself
from civilization to
study nature
Different brushstrokes
represent different
trees
Travelers among Mountains and Streams
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Long waterfall on the right is
balanced by mountain on the
left
Waterfall accents the height
of the mountain
Not a pure landscape:
donkeys laden with firewood
are being driven by 2 men,
and there is a temple in the
distance.
Man is seen as small,
insignificant
Might be only surviving work
of the artist- signature hidden
in the bushes on the lower
right
Hanging scroll
Shiva as the Lord of the Dance (*IS)
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Hindu, India
Chola Dynasty
C. 11th century CE
Cast bronze
Nataraja
Vigorously () dancing with
one foot on dwarf, the
Demon of Ignorance
Rainbow of fire- Shiva is
the creator, preserver, and
destroyer- not in a negative
way.
Shiva periodically destroys
the universe so that it may
be born again
Shiva as the Lord of the Dance (*IS)
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Hair terminates in cobra
heads
4 hands
Shiva has a third eyebarely seen between the
two. Once burned another
god, Kama, with this eye.
Epicene quality
(indeterminate sex)
Here he unfolds the
universe out of the drum
in one of his right hands;
he preserves it by uplifting
his other right hand in a
caring gesture
Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (*IS- 2 images)
Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace
(*IS- 2 images)
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A bit about Japanese
painting
Kamakura Period,
Japan
C. 1250-1300 CE
Handscroll (ink and
color on paper)
Painted 100 years
after the Civil War
depicted occurred
Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (*IS2 images)
Elevated viewpoint
 Strong diagonals
emphasize movement
and action
 Swift, active
brushstrokes
 Tangled mass of forms
accentuated Japanese
armor
 Depersonalized figuresmany only have one
brushstroke to denote
eyes, mouth, and ears.
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Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (*IS2 images)
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A lone archer leads the
escape from the burning
palace with the
equestrian Japanese
commander behind him.
Unrolls like a film- read
right to left. As one
unrolls, time advances.
Military rule in Japan
from 1185 on had an
interest in the Code of
the Warrior. Therefore,
there is a large quantity
of war-related art via
literature and paintings.
Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (*IS2 images)
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The burning was an
attempt by rebel forces
to capture the Emperor
Coup stages in 1159 as
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
is taken prisoner and
forced to board a cart to
take him into captivity.
Rebels kill the opposed,
place their heads on
sticks, and parade them
around.
The David Vases (*IS)
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https://www.khanaca
demy.org/humanities/
art-asia/imperialchina/yuandynasty/v/david-vases
The David Vases (*IS)
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Yuan Dynasty, China
1351 CE
White porcelain with
cobalt blue underglaze
Named after Sir Percival
David
*One of the most
important examples of
blue and white porcelain in
existence
Made for the altar of a
Daoist temple, along with
an incense burner which
has not be found. All typical
for an altar
The David Vases (*IS)
There is a dedication on
the side of the neck of the
vessels; believed to be the
earliest known blue and
white dedication
 Inscription on one of the
vases reads…
 The blue color was
imported from Iran;
Chinese expansion into
western Asia makes this
possible
 Vases were modeled after
bronzes (tradition and
change)
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The David Vases (*IS)
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Elephant-head shaped
handles
On the neck and foot
of vases, there are
leaves and flowers
Central section:
Chinese dragons with
traditional long bodies
and beards; dragons
have scales and claws
and are set in the
clouds
Portrait of Sin Sukju (*IS)
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1417- 1475; c. 15th century
Imperial Bureau of Painting
Hanging scroll; ink and color
on silk
Of the Korean Prime Minister
and soldier
Great scholar
Emphasizes how the subject
made great contributions to
the country and how the
spirit of loyalty to king and
country was valued by
Confucian philosophy
Repainted over the years,
especially in 1475 after he
died
Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
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https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/asian-artmuseum/aam-China/v/forbidden-city
A bit about Chinese architecture
 Beijing, China
 Ming Dynasty; 15th century CE and later
 Stone masonry; marble; brick; wood;
ceramic tile
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Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
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Largest and most
complete Chinese
architectural ensemble
in existence
9,000 rooms
Walls are 30 feet high
to keep people out
and those inside in
Each corner of the
rectangular plan has a
tower representing the
4 corners of the wrold.
Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
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Focus is the Supreme
Hall of Harmony, the
throne room and seat
of power
Wooden structure
made with elaborately
painted beams
Meant for grand
ceremonies (New Year;
emperor's birthday;
winter solstice)
Forbidden City (*IS- 5 images)
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Yellow tile roofs and
red painted beams
placed on marble
foundations unify the
structures in the FC
into a whole
Surrounding wall of
the FC is characteristic
of a Chinese cityprivacy, protection, and
containment of culture.
FORBIDDEN CITY (*IS- 5
IMAGES)
The Palace of Tranquility and Longevity
FORBIDDEN CITY (*IS- 5
IMAGES)
Front Gate
Ryoan-ji (*IS- 3 images)
Ryoan-ji (*IS- 3 images)
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https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/ap-art-history/south-eastse-asia/japan-art/a/ryoanji- Review link materials, notes, discussion
Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings (*IS)
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Power sketch
Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings (*IS)
Artist= Bichitr
 C. 1620
 Watercolor, gold, and ink
on paper
 Jahangir wanted
everything about his rule
recorded
 Jahangir is the source of
all light- notice his halo
derived from the sun and
the moon
 He himself takes the
name Jahangir meaning
“seizer of worlds”
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Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings (*IS)
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He sought to bring all
people together.
Notice the crosscultural references: sits
on a Renaissance
carpet; figures of small
cherubs- European
Look at the contenthe prefers meeting
with the holy man
over the secular rulers
Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings (*IS)
James I is in the bottom
left and an Ottoman sultan
stands on the second tier
below the holy man
 A book is being passed, but
by whom?
 The artist himself is in the
bottom left corner- holds a
miniature with 2 horses
and an elephant- perhaps
gifts from his patron;
symbolically signs his name
on the footstool beneath
the Jahangir
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Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
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Agra, India
Masons; marble
workers; mosaicists;
and decorators under
Ustad Ahmad Lahoriarchitect of the
emporer
1632-1653 CE
Stone masonry and
marble with inlay pf
precious and
semiprecious stones
Gardens
Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
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A mausoleum for Shah
Jahan’s favorite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal
Seems to float
magically over
reflecting pools in a
vast garden
May have been
conceived as the
throne of God
perched above the
gardens of Paradise
Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
Note that monumental tombs were not
part of either the Hindu or Buddhist
traditions, but they are a large part of the
Islamic tradition in architecture
 Taj Mahal means “Crown Palace”
 It eventually becomes the Shah’s tomb as
well

Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
Dome on cube shape, but
as opposed to earlier
designs, these appear
weightless
 Reinforcing the illusion of
floating white marble is the
absence of any visible
means of ascent
 A stairway does exist, but
it is deliberately hidden
 Proportions are key- the
tomb is as wide as it is tall,
and the height of the dome
equals the height of the
facade

Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
Follows the charbagh or “four plot”
plan of the Koranic
Garden of Paradise
 Today, it stands at the
northern end instead
of in the center of
the forma gardens as
it should be in the
char-bagh plan

Taj Mahal (*IS- 2 images)
The tomb itself is
octagonal in plan
 Interplay of light and
shadowy voids
 Inlay of precious and
semiprecious stones
 Pointed arches
sweep the eyes
upward

White and Red Plum Blossoms (*IS- 2 images)
White and Red Plum Blossoms
(*IS- 2 images)
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Ogata Korin
1710-1716
Watercolor on paper
Atami, Japan
In the Japanese rinpa style: Rin for Korin
and pa meaning “school”
Influenced by yamato-e style of painting
Stream cuts rhythmically through the scene;
water currents are portrayed via swirls
White and Red Plum Blossoms
(*IS- 2 images)
White on left; red on
right
 Think Bob Rosspaint is applied to a
wet canvas- thus
allows the artist to
create a dripping
effect for depicting
steams and flowers

Under the Waves off Kanagawa (*IS)
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=NzGa
WNjG80k
 Also known as The
Great Wave, from the
series Thirty-six
views of Mount Fuji
 1830-1833 CE
 Polychrome wood
block print; ink and
color on paper

Under the Waves off Kanagawa (*IS)
*First time a landscape is
important theme in
Japanese prints
 The last in its series
 Mount Fuji, sacred to the
Japanese, seems to be
one of the waves
 Personification of
nature- seems intent on
drowning those in the
boats
 Striking design of water
and air elements with
much negative space

Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
(*IS)
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Artist unknown
Based on oil painting
by Liu Chunhua
C. 1969 CE
Color lithograph
https://www.khanacade
my.org/humanities/glob
al-culture/identitybody/identity-bodyeurope/a/liu-chunhuachairman-mao
Attribution
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Attribute this painting
to the correct artist.
Identify a work by the
same artist in the art
history curriculum.
Using specific details,
justify your attribution
by comparing the
two works.
How do both works
demonstrate the
Japanese view of
landscape?