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Technology in Action
Chapter 12
Behind the Scenes:
Networking and Security
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Chapter Topics
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Advantages of business networks
Client/server vs. peer-to-peer networks
Classifications of client/server networks
Client/server network components
Types of servers
Network topologies
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Chapter Topics (cont.)
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Types of transmission media
Network software
Network adapters
Moving data in a client/server network
Securing networks
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Networking Advantages
• Networks
– Increase productivity
– Enable the sharing of hardware resources
– Facilitate knowledge sharing
– Enable the sharing of software
– Facilitate Internet connectivity
– Enable enhanced communication
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Client/Server Networks
• Server-based network
– Clients and servers
• Data flows efficiently
• Servers respond to
requests from clients
• Servers perform
specific tasks
• Scalable
• Centralized
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Classifications of
Client/Server Networks
• LAN
– Local area
network
– Computers
linked over
a small
geographic
region
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Classifications of
Client/Server Networks
• WAN
– Wide area
network
– Computers
linked over large
geographic
locations
• MAN
– Metropolitan
area network
– Computers
linked within a
city or county
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Classifications of
Client/Server Networks
• PAN
– Personal area network
– Wireless devices connected in close proximity
to each other
• Intranet
– Private corporate network
– Protected by a firewall
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Constructing
Client/Server Networks
• Servers
• Network
topologies
• Transmission
media
• Network operating
system software
• Network adapters
• Network
navigation devices
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Servers
• Number and type of servers depend on network
size and workload
• Dedicated servers
– Perform one specific function
• Authentication servers
– Keep track of network logins and services available
• File servers
– Store and manage files
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Servers
• Print servers
– Manage client-requested printing jobs
– Create print queue (prioritize print jobs)
• Applications servers
– Act as a storage area for application software
• Database servers
– Provide clients with access to database information
• E-mail servers
– Process and deliver incoming and outgoing
e-mail
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Servers
• Communications servers
– Handle communications between networks
including the Internet
– Often the only device on the network directly
connected to the Internet
• Web servers
– Host a Web site available through
the Internet
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Network Topologies
• The physical layout of computers,
transmission media, and other
components
• Types of network topologies
– Bus topology
– Ring topology
– Star topology
– Hybrid topology
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Bus Topology
• All nodes are connected in
sequence on a single cable
• Used most often on
peer-to-peer networks
• Networked computers
communicate with each
other
• One computer transmits
data at a time
– Access methods avoid data
collisions
– Data is transmitted in
“packets”
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Ring Topology
• Nodes are laid out in
a ring
• Token (data packet)
flows in one
direction from
device to device
• Recent versions
have data transfer
rates up to 100
Mbps
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Star Topology
• Nodes connect to a central
communications device
(switch)
• A node sends a signal to
the switch, which
retransmits it to the
other nodes
• A node accepts only
signals addressed to it
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Avoiding Data Collisions
on an Ethernet Network
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Transmission Media
• The routes data takes to flow between
devices on a network
• Wired
• Wireless
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Choosing a Cable
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Maximum run length
Bandwidth
Bend radius
Cable cost
Cable and installation costs
Susceptibility to interference
Signal transmission methods
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Twisted Pair Cable
• Pairs of copper wire twisted
around each other
• Twists make the wires less
susceptible to interference
• Shielded twisted pair (STP)
– Layer of foil shielding
• Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
– Cat 5E: Bandwidth 200 Mbps
– Cat 6: Bandwidth 1 Gbps
– No foil layer
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STP
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Coaxial Cable
• Four components
– Copper core
– Nonconductive insulating material
– Braided metal
– Plastic cover
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Fiber-Optic Cable
• Components include
– Glass or plastic fibers
– Cladding
– Outer jacket
• Uses light impulses
to transmit data
• Immune to
interference
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Wireless Media
802.11 Standard
• Wi-Fi, short for Wireless Fidelity
– 802.11b
– 802.11a
– 802.11g
– Super G
– 802.11n
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Network Operating Systems (NOS)
• Provide the protocol that controls the
communication between devices on the network
• Many modern OSs include NOS client software
• Major network operating systems
– Windows Server 2003
– UNIX
– Novell NetWare
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Network Adapters
• Devices that enable computers to
communicate on a network
• Network interface cards (NICs)
• Three functions
– Generate network transmission
signals
– Create data packets
– Act as information gatekeepers
• Ethernet compliant
• Wireless NICs
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Network Navigation Devices
• Media Access Control
(MAC) address
– Six two-digit numbers
(01:40:87:44:79:A5)
– Physical address of
network adapter
– Internal network
identification
• Repeaters and Hubs
– Amplify signals and
retransmit them
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Network Navigation Devices
• Switches and
Bridges
– Send data on a
specific route
through the network
– Bridges send data
between collision
domains
• Routers
– Send information
between two
networks
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Network Security Threats
• Human errors and mistakes
– Accidents and mistakes
• Malicious human activity
– Current and former employees hacking or
planting viruses
• Natural events and disasters
– Hurricanes, floods, fire
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Network Security
• Authentication
– User ID and password used to access the network
– Use of a possessed object for access
• Access privileges
– Enable access to certain network systems
• Physical protection measures
– Restrict physical access to sensitive network
equipment
– Magnetic card readers
– Biometric access devices
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Network Security
• Firewalls
– Prevent access to the network by
unauthorized users
– Composed of software and/or hardware
– Screen and validate data packets
– Bastion host/proxy server
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Network Firewall Layout
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What are the advantages of a business
network?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• How does a client/server network differ
from a peer-to-peer network?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What are the different classifications of
client/server networks?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What components are needed to construct
a client/server network?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What do the various types of servers do?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What are the various network topologies
(layouts), and why is network topology
important in planning a network?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What types of transmission media are
used in client/server networks?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What software needs to be running on
computers attached to a client/server
network, and how does this software
control network communications?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• How do network adapters enable
computers to participate in a client/server
network?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What devices assist in moving data
around a client/server network?
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Chapter 12 Summary Questions
• What measures are employed to keep
large networks secure?
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