Download Layer 3 - Ohio Supercomputer Center

Broadband 101, an Intro to
Broadband Technologies
Prasad Calyam, Research Scientist, OARnet, OSC
Stan Ahalt, Executive Director, OSC
Pankaj Shah, Director, OARnet, OSC
Paul Schopis, Director of Engineering, OARnet, OSC
Topics of Discussion






What is Broadband?
Who provides Broadband?
What terminology needs to be understood for
buying Broadband?
What can you now buy in the Broadband Market
that was not sold earlier?
What are the major Broadband initiatives in Ohio
today?
Conclusion
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28 February 2006
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What is Broadband?

Broadband is usually used to reference “high
speed” Internet connections


High speed allows quick web surfing, voice and video
communications over the Internet
Broadband connections are typically ON all the time


No hassles of “dialing” in to an Internet Service Provider
But, you still need a Broadband Provider or Internet
Service Provider (ISP) who can assist you in setting up
and maintaining a Broadband connection…
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28 February 2006
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Who are Broadband
Providers?

Any one who owns “Fiber” or has access to lots
of it!

Telcos, Cable Companies, Holding Companies


E.g. Time Warner, SBC Yahoo DSL, WOW, Qwest, MCI,
many others…
Broadband Providers serve two types of
services based on who the customer is 
Residential User Services


Cable Modem, DSL Modem
Business Organization Services

T-1, DS-3, OC-3, OC-12, …
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28 February 2006
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Where to find Broadband
Providers in your Area?
http://www.thelist.com
You can check your local Yellow Pages also…
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28 February 2006
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What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?


Broadband Capacities
Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
 (Layer 4) End-Application
 (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
 (Layer 1) Physical
Miscellaneous Terms
 Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and
Municipal Access Agreements (MAA)
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer

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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Broadband Capacities
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
 Broadband Capacities

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Units of Measure
Optical Carrier Hierarchy
Digital Signal Hierarchy
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
 (Layer 4) End-Application
Layer 2
Local
Area
Network Layer
 (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
Layer 1
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
Physical Layer
 (Layer 1) Physical
Miscellaneous Terms
 Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal
Access Agreements (MAA)
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28 February 2006
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Broadband Capacities



Terminology: Broadband Capacities
A Measure of “capacity of the pipe” available to you
Expressed in Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, …(See Table -1)
 ‘bps’ stands for “bits per second”
 The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has defined a
broadband connection as any rate higher than 1.5 Mbps (i.e. T-1 Line)
Even more common method to describe Broadband capacity involves
Optical Carrier (OC) or Digital Signal (DS) hierarchy
 DS-3 (45 Mbps), OC-1 (52 Mbps), OC-3 (155 Mbps), OC-12 (622
Mbps), OC-48 (2.4 Gbps), OC-192 (10 Gbps), …
Table-1: Base-2 Number System Abbreviations and Sizes for bps prefixes
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28 February 2006
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Data Quantity Vs
Broadband Capacity

Terminology: Broadband Capacities
How fast is 8 Gbps or 8,000 million bits per
second Broadband Capacity?



Approximately 1 million one-page essays can be
transferred per second!
Or
Approximately 1000 novels worth of data can be
transferred per second!
Or
The entire “The Matrix” movie can be downloaded in less
than 40 seconds over such a link compared to taking 25
hours for the same movie to be downloaded over a DSL
Modem connection (512Kbps) or 250 hours over Dial-up
(56Kbps)
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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 4
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
 Broadband Capacities

Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
(Layer 4) End-Application




Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Web
FTP
VoIP
H.323 Videoconferencing
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
(Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
Physical Layer
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
 (Layer 1) Physical
Miscellaneous Terms
 Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access
Agreements (MAA)


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End-Applications


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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 4
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Web
 Used to reference the computer infrastructure that allows
browsing information formatted using Hyper-Text Markup
Language (HTML)
FTP
 Stands for “File Transfer Protocol” - It is a technology used for
transferring files over the Internet
VoIP
 Stands for “Voice over IP” - It is a technology used for
transmitting voice signals like a telephone signal on the Internet
H.323 Videoconferencing
 It is a technology used for interactive conferencing using both
voice and video signals on the Internet
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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 3
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
 Broadband Capacities

Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
 (Layer 4) End-Application

Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing
(Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)


Router
PoP
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
(Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
 (Layer 1) Physical
Miscellaneous Terms
 Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access
Agreements (MAA)


Layer 4
End-Application Layer
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 3
IP Network
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
(E.g. Internet2 - USA, DANTE - Europe, CANARIE - Canada,…)
(E.g. OARnet - Ohio, MERIT - Michigan,…)
(E.g. Time Warner, SBC Yahoo, WOW,…)
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Point of Presence (PoP)
Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 3
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
NOTES:
1. Router is a physical device in a
network that directs packets to their
intended destinations
2. PoP (Point of Presence) is a term
used to reference a physical location
where telecommunication lines meet
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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 3
Types and Sizes of Routers
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Home Networking
Router
10s of $$
Router for Large
Backbone Networks
Routers for Small/Medium
sized Networks
> 10,000s of $$
100s-1000s of $$
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 2
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
 Broadband Capacities

Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
 (Layer 4) End-Application

Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing
 (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
 Router, PoP
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)

Wired (Ethernet)
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

Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Fast (FE)
GigE
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Wireless

Layer 4
End-Application Layer
802.11b
802.11g
(Layer 1) Physical
Miscellaneous Terms
 Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access
Agreements (MAA)


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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 2
Ethernet LAN
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
NOTE:
1. Ethernet is a data transfer
protocol for Local Area Networks
(LANs)
Optical Fiber
Cables
To Local ISP’s
IP Network
2. IP stands for “Internet
Protocol”; This technology gives
addresses to electronic packets
of information
FE (100Mbps) or
GigE (1000Mbps)
Co-axial Cables
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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 2
Wireless LAN



Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Devices (E.g. Printers, Computers) communicate with each other
without using wires!
802.11 is an IEEE Standard used by Industry for wireless access
802.11 requires an “Access Point”


Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
On one end it is connected to a wired network and on the other end it
interfaces all information to and from the devices to be sent to the wired
network
Popular 802.11 Versions:

802.11b (Wi-Fi): Provides 11 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz radio
frequency band


Used when relatively lesser number of devices access the wireless network over
shorter distances
802.11g: Provides 20+ Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz radio frequency
band

Used when relatively large number of devices access the wireless network over
longer distances
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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 1
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
 Broadband Capacities

Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
 (Layer 4) End-Application

Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing
 (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
 Router, PoP
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE
 Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g
(Layer 1) Physical



Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode
Wireless: Satellite Link
Miscellaneous Terms
 Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access
Agreements (MAA)
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28 February 2006
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 1
Optical Fiber
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

Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Provides physical connectivity between two
ends using light as a communication
mechanism
 Uses “Total Internal Reflection” principle to
propagate light through the fiber
Composed of long and thin strands of pure
glass about the diameter of human hair –
arranged in bundles
Three significant components:
 Core – Glass center where light travels
 Cladding – Material that reflects light back
into Core
 Buffer Coating – Plastic coating that protects
fiber from damage and moisture
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Optical Fiber (2): Types

Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Single-Mode (Yellow Cable; expensive)



Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 1
They have small cores (about 3.5 x 10-4 inches or
9 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared laser
light (wavelength = 1,300 to 1,550 nanometers)
Carrier owned fiber used for Wide Area Networks
with relatively large distances (20 to 30 miles)
before a regenerator is required to go further
Multi-Mode (Orange Cable; inexpensive)


They have larger cores (about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or
62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared
light (wavelength = 850 to 1,300 nm) from LightEmitting Diodes (LEDs)
Customer owned fiber used for Metropolitan Area
Networks with relatively short distances between
ends
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Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 1
Optical Fiber (3):
DWDM

Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
 Recent technology in optical transmission that promises dramatic increases in
the capacity of a fiber
 DWDM technology splits (or combines) a beam of light into multiple colors, or
wavelengths, each of which can operate at 10 Gbps

The technology is rapidly advancing with the number of possible wavelengths
exceeding 100 per fiber
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Optical Equipment


Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack
Layer 1
Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Used to “Relay” light signals between two
geographic locations
Different kinds of optical equipment:

Optical Transmitter - Produces and encodes the light
signals




Encoding involves electrical to optical signal conversion
Optical Fiber - Conducts the light signals over a distance
Optical Regenerator - May be necessary to boost the
light signal (for long distances)
Optical Receiver - Receives and decodes the light signals

Encoding involves optical to electrical signal conversion
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Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
 Broadband Capacities
 Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
 (Layer 4) End-Application
 Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing
 (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
 Router, PoP
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE
 Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g
 (Layer 1) Physical
 Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode
 Wireless: Satellite Link

Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Miscellaneous Terms
Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access
Agreements (MAA)
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Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms
Last Mile

Refers to the telecommunications
technology that connects the customer's
home or business office directly to an ISP
or Broadband Provider


E.g. T-1, Cable Modem, DSL Modem
Getting the “Last Mile” suitably connected
is a challenge in rural communities

A bad link at this level fails the entire “network
chain” for the end-user!
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Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms
What can you now buy in the
Broadband Market that was not sold earlier?

Dark Fiber!
 “Dark Fiber” term is used to reference unused fiber or fiber that has
not been “lit” to be used by end-applications
 Dark Fiber when “lit” is dedicated to a single customer


Customer is responsible for attaching telecommunications
equipment and lasers to “light” the fiber


Typically, a number of organizations such as schools, hospitals,
businesses and universities get together to fund and build a fiber
network
Owns, Controls and Maintains the fiber
Upfront costs are high to purchase dark fiber; but expected
payback in few months or few years if there is sufficient demand

Each institution owns dark fiber based on 20 year IRU (Indefeasible
Right of Use) with Carriers
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Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms
Right of Way and Municipal
Access Agreements (MAAs)

Deploying Optical Fiber networks involves entering into
legal contracts with both local municipality as well as
owners of any existing support structures
 Required for cabling space, utility poles, insurance, liability and
safety issues
 Ensures that your “right of way” is not sold to other party who
wishes to place cables
 Records and drawings of cable paths should be professionally
done and provided to municipality
 IRUs cover above issues and annual maintenance
expenses
 “Right of Way” cost accounts for approximately 5% of the
capital cost
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Terminology: COMPLETED
What terminology needs to
be understood for buying Broadband?
 Broadband Capacities
 Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)
 (Layer 4) End-Application
 Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing
 (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)
 Router, PoP
 (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE
 Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g
 (Layer 1) Physical
 Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode
 Wireless: Satellite Link
 Miscellaneous Terms

Layer 4
End-Application Layer
Layer 3
Internet Protocol Layer
Layer 2
Local Area Network Layer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal
Access Agreements (MAA)
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What are the major Broadband
initiatives in Ohio today?

Third Frontier Network




A dedicated high-speed fiber-optic network linking Ohio
colleges and universities with research facilities to promote
research and economic development
Over 1,600 miles of fiber has been purchased to create the
network backbone in Ohio to connect colleges and
universities, K-12 schools, and communities together
Funded by the Ohio Board of Regents and operated by
OARnet/Ohio Supercomputer Center
Other Rural Ohio Initiatives
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Third Frontier Network
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TFN: All Sites Connected
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-TFN PoP
-Regen Site
-TFN Link
- Leased
- Proposed
31
- K-12 (All Broadband)
-eTech (All Broadband)
-Higher Ed (Broadband)
- Higher Ed (not Broadband)
Regional Optical Networks
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28 February 2006
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Local Examples

Galion



Created SCADA fiber network for the municipally owned electric
Connects municipal facilities
Potentially may:



Marietta



Offer “free” fibers for economic development purposes
Lease fiber pairs to local company for resale purposes to improve local service
offerings
Utilizing “Smart” traffic fiber system to provide connectivity to wireless radios
on traffic poles to create city-wide Wi-Fi network
Currently in trail phase and pursuing additional funding
Butler County




Partnered through an RFP to build 96 strand 110 mile fiber network
Public/Private partnership
Leases 12 strands to Miami University
Cincinnati Bell provides maintenance and operations
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28 February 2006
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References and Links

http://www.webopedia.com


http://www.howstuffworks.com



Search for Broadband terminology
Description of Routers, Optical Networks,… with
illustrations
CANARIE’s FAQ about Dark Fiber
These slides are available at http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/ppts/broadband101.ppt
http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/PDFs/broadband101.pdf
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Questions / Comments
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