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Foundations
How we got to where we are
Information Communications Technology
• Telephone and messaging service to
all parts of the world
• Worldwide digital communications
• Entertainment services
• Personal computers
• Worldwide connectivity via the Internet
and the World Wide Web
• Access to information of all kinds
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How Did We Get to Where We Are
• We started with simple hand-keyed Morse
code telegraphy
• Introduced voice telephone networks
• Moved to digital technology within them
• Then to the provision of data
communication networks of two types:
• the TDM synchronous, circuit-oriented
networks of the telephone industries and
• the best-effort, packet-switched internetworking
strategies of the US DoD, which grew into the
Internet and gave us the IP Networks of today.
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Where Will We Be Tomorrow?
• A ubiquitous broadband, multimedia,
IP-based network
• with a large set of communication
services
• serving an immense array of
applications dependent on information
and communications technology (ICT)
• which are available to enable and
support all aspects of modern society.
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Applications Enabled by ICT
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Banking and Financial Transactions
Transportation and Travel
Business
Commerce
Property Management
Education
Medicine
Entertainment
Security
Military Affairs
Justice
Industry
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ICT Services
• Information* Storage, Retrieval,
Distribution, and Processing
• Messaging: IM, email
• Conferencing
• Telemetry, Telematics
• Reservations and Scheduling
• Inventory and Catalog Management
• Command and Control
• Billing, Accounting, Paying
* Audio, Video and Data
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ICT Applications
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E-Commerce
Publishing
Supply Chain Management
Social Networking
Multimedia Broadcasting
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Are these new ideas?
•
No, they are not!
• A man named Casson said it
all back in 1910, when the
telephone revolution had come
and gone.
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It has all been said before!
In 1910, H.D. Casson wrote a book, entitled
“The History of the Telephone”, in which he
made it obvious that the future had arrived!
• “The History of the Telephone” is a fascinating
book. It provides a detailed, on-the-spot
recounting of the early days with Bell and the
AT&T Co,
• In addition it describes existing and potential
telephone applications that we are still
implementing – and re-inventing!
• The coverage of social implications is amazing.
The insights in THOTH have been repeatedly
rediscovered in every review that has taken
place since.
•
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http://sailor.gutenberg.org/by-title/xx710.html
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The History Of The Telephone
• “Thirty-five short years, and presto! The newborn
art of telephony is fullgrown. Three million
telephones are now scattered abroad in foreign
countries, and seven millions are massed here,
in the land of its birth.
• So entirely has the telephone outgrown the
ridicule with which, as many people can well
remember, it was first received, that it is now in
most places taken for granted, as though it were
a part of the natural phenomena of this planet. It
has so marvellously extended the facilities of
conversation--that "art in which a man has all
mankind for competitors"--that it is now an
indispensable help to whoever would live the
convenient life.
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From THOTT
• The disadvantage of being deaf and dumb
to all absent persons, which was universal in
pre-telephonic days, has now happily been
overcome; and I hope that this story of how
and by whom it was done will be a welcome
addition to american libraries.”
• What we might call the telephonization [sic]
of city life, for lack of a simpler word, has
remarkably altered our manner of living from
what it was in the days of Abraham Lincoln.
It has enabled us to be more social and
cooperative. It has literally abolished the
isolation of separate families, and has made
us members of one great family.
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• It has become so truly an organ of the social body
that by telephone we now enter into contracts,
give evidence, try lawsuits, make speeches,
propose marriage, confer degrees, appeal to
voters, and do almost everything else that is a
matter of speech.
• Casson described uses of the telephone that we
still hear pundits predicting today. For example,
he noted that "There seems to be no sort of
activity which is not being made more convenient
by the telephone."
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• The hundred largest hotels in New York City
have twenty-one thousand telephones-nearly as many as the continent of Africa
and more than the kingdom of Spain.
• The Christmas Eve orders that flash into
Marshall Field's store, or John
Wanamaker's, have risen as high as the
three thousand mark.
• Whether the telephone does most to
concentrate population, or to scatter it, is a
question that has not yet been examined.
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• It is certainly true that it has made the skyscraper
possible, and thus helped to create an absolutely
new type of city, such as was never imagined even
in the fairy tales of ancient nations. its efficiency is
largely, if not mainly, due to the fact that its
inhabitants may run errands by telephone as well
as by elevator.
• It is used to call the duck-shooters in Western
Canada when a flock of birds has arrived; and to
direct the movements of the Dragon in Wagner's
grand opera "Siegfried.“
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• At the last Yale-Harvard football game, it
conveyed almost instantaneous news to fifty
thousand people in various parts of New
England.
• At such expensive pageants as that of the
Quebec Tercentenary in 1908, where four
thousand actors came and went upon a tenacre stage, every order was given by
telephone. . In the last ten years there has
been a sweeping revolution in this respect.
Government by telephone!
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• Next to public officials, bankers were perhaps
the last to accept the facilities of the telephone.
As for stockbrokers of the Wall Street species,
they transact practically all their business by
telephone
• The telephone arrived in time to prevent big
corporations from being unwieldy and
aristocratic. The foreman of a Pittsburg coal
company may now stand in his subterranean
office and talk to the president of the Steel
Trust, who sits on the twenty-first floor of a
New York skyscraper.
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• The long-distance talks, especially, have
grown to be indispensable to the
corporations whose plants are scattered and
geographically misplaced.
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“Predicted Applications” from Casson
• In-room hotel service
• Shopping by phone
• Run errands by phone, enabling
skyscrapers, disbursed cities
• News gathering, sports results
• Stock transactions
• Mobile - boats, trains
• Management of disbursed activities,
businesses
• Democracy in business
• 911 Emergency services
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… and many more.
• To-day the telephone goes to sea in the
passenger steamer and the warship. Its wires are
waiting at the dock and the depot, so that a tourist
may sit in his stateroom and talk with a friend in
some distant office.
• In the operation of trains, several dozen roads
have now put it in use, some employing it as an
associate of the Morse method and others as a
complete substitute. It has already been found to
be the quickest way of despatching trains. It will
do in five minutes what the telegraph did in ten.
And it has enabled railroads to hire more suitable
men for the smaller offices.
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• In news-gathering, too, much more than in
railroading, the day of the telephone has
arrived.
• But it is in a dangerous crisis, when safety
seems to hang upon a second, that the
telephone is at its best.
• In the supreme emergency of war, the
telephone is as indispensable, very nearly, as
the cannon. This, at least, is the belief of the
Japanese, who handled their armies by
telephone when they drove back the Russians
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• It is the instrument of emergencies, a sort of
ubiquitous watchman.
• When the girl operator in the exchange hears
a cry for help--"Quick! The hospital!" "The fire
department!" "The police!" she seldom waits
to hear the number. She knows it. She is
trained to save half-seconds. And it is at such
moments, if ever, that the users of a
telephone can appreciate its insurance value.
• When instant action is needed in the city of
New York, a General Alarm can in five
minutes be sent by the police wires over its
whole vast area of three hundred square
miles.
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• If a disaster cannot be prevented, it is the
telephone, usually, that brings first aid to the
injured.
• After the destruction of San Francisco,
Governor Guild, of Massachusetts, sent an
appeal for the stricken city to the three
hundred and fifty-four mayors of his State;
and by the courtesy of the Bell Company,
which carried the messages free, they were
delivered to the last and furthermost mayors
in less than five hours.
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• Every fourth American farmer is in telephone
touch with his neighbors and the market.
• The first farmer who discovered the value of the
telephone was the market gardener.
• As yet, few farmers have learned to appreciate
the value of quality in telephone service, as they
have in other lines. The same man who will pay
six prices for the best seed-corn, and who will
allow nothing but high-grade cattle in his barn,
will at the same time be content with the
shabbiest and flimsiest telephone service, without
offering any other excuse than that it is cheap.
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• But this is a transient phase of farm
telephony. The cost of an efficient farm
system is now so little-- not more than two
dollars a month, that the present trashy lines
are certain sooner or later to go to the junkheap with the sickle and the flail and all the
other cheap and unprofitable things.
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Prescient, or what?
If you consider that the invention of
wireless communications occurred
about the same time – 1900 maybe we should recognize that we
have been in the post-modern era
of telecommunications ever since?
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The Beginning - Telegraphy
1845
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Where Are We Now?
Let me start by telling you
something about how the
telephone system works and
how the Internet works.
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Early 21st Century Telephony
• The voice signal generated by the
microphone in your telephone set is
transmitted along a twisted pair of copper
wires to the nearest Local Office.
• There it is sampled 8000 times per second
• and the sample values are quantized into
one of 255 amplitude levels and
• represented by an 8-bit binary number:
• an octet, or byte, of 1’s and 0’s.
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Calling
• When you pick up the phone, the network is
notified and sends you a dial-tone to let you
know that it is ready willing and able to
accept your input.
• In the telephone world you respond by
dialing – dialing a telephone number.
• The telephone number is a command to the
network to make a connection from your
phone line to that of the called party, and to
check the status of that party’s phone.
• If it is available the network rings the called
party and sends you a copy of the ringing
sounds. If not, it sends you a busy signal.
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• When the called party answers you
have a “direct” connection to them
• Then it is up to you to decide what to
do
• talk to the machine,
• hang up, or
• talk to the person/machine who/that
answered.
• The connection will be maintained until
one of you hangs up.
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“Number Please”
• That gives you a connection, but how
did it get established.
• It used to be done by young women –
“the voice with a smile” plugging wires
together in a switchboard.
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Today’s Answer is the Advanced Intelligent Network
• In the AIN, the establishment of the
connection is done through a signaling
system that runs on a packet-switched data
network which is separate from the transport
network.
• This signaling system, called SS7, has three
types of nodes:
• service switches,
• service controls, and
• signal switches.
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AIN in action
• When you dial, the number is received
by a service switch where it is sent to
the service control – a database –
where the connection details are stored.
• After the availability of the called party is
assured, this connection information is
sent to the signal transfer points – the
voice switches - to make the
connection.
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Basic Signaling Architecture
SCP service control point
Service
Control
SCP
SCP
SSP service switch point
STP signal transfer point
Signal
Transfer
SCP
SCP
STP
STP
STP
STP
Service
Switch
SSP
SSP
SSP
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SSP
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Basic Call Setup
SSP service switch point
Signal
Transfer
STP
STP signal transfer point
STP
SCP service control point
Service
Switch
SSP
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SSP
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Benefits of SS7
• Having a signaling system that is separate from
the talking system means that expensive
communications bandwidth is not tied up while
dialing takes place (even touch-tone dialing takes
a lot of time) – freeing up a lot of communications
capacity.
• More than, since the actual telephone number is
stored in memory, it allows such services as 911,
411, 1-800 numbers, group dialing, and so on…
• This also allows such neat things as directing
calls to an appropriate 24-hour-service-centre
depending on the time-of-day.
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Shared Circuits - Multiplexing
• Telephone wires and cables are expensive
• Your telephone call is multiplexed
(combined) with thousands of others on a
time-sharing basis on very high capacity
digital transmission links as it moves along
the established ‘circuit’ from one signal
switch to another on its way to the
destination.
• This is called time division multiplexing
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Time Division Multiplexing
1
2
3
1
2
3
In telephony each source is sampled 8,000 time per second
1
2
3
Time, seconds
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TDM Applications
•
•
•
•
•
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Digital Telephony
Data Communications
Satellite Access
Optical Fibre
Cellular Radio
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Data Communications
• The digital time division multiplexed
telephone (TDM) networks, based on
64 kbps digital voice channels, are the
major carriers of data communications
as well.
• Data transmission rates on the world’s
telecommunication networks vary from
56 kbps from a voiceband modem on
your phone line to 1.5 Mbps, or so, on
DSL, to 10’s of Terabits per second on
optical fiber trunks.
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Digital TDM Hierarchy
D Level
DS0
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
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Bit rate Message Channels
Mbps
0.064
1
1.544
24
6.312
96
44.736
672
274.176
4032
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SONET Rates
OC Level
OC-1
OC-3
OC-9
OC-12
OC-48
OC-192
Data Rate Mbps
51.840
155.250
466.560
622.080
2488.32
9953.26
Optical systems now carry 160 OC-192 signals using lDM on a single fibre
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Computer Communications
A parallel genesis of modern networks started
with what some call
“computer communications”,
more properly referred to as
“packet-switched communications”, that
grew out of a solution to requirements of the
US DoD for command and control messaging
networks that could survive nuclear war.
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DoD requirements
• The DoD requirements originated with
ARPANET and DDN to meet DOD
requirements
• survivability
• no central points of failure
• availability
• security
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• network interoperability
• accommodate heterogeneous networks and
terminal equipment
• handle surge traffic
• lots of excess capacity
• parallel routes
• support priority traffic
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The Origins of the Internet
• As one of those confluences that occur in
technological evolution, there were groups of
researchers with common backgrounds (MIT,
Berkley, Stanford) who had used computers with
serial character communications: USART ports
and teletype machines as terminals.
• They had extended the access to their own
computers locally over twisted-pair wiring and
remotely over telephone lines with rudimentary
modems, as a convenience that led to
experiments with time-shared computing.
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• So, they took to connecting across the continent
to keep in contact, and – being lazy souls developed the software that enabled their
activities for exchanging messages and files.
• They “knew” that computer output only came in
bursts – when the “Enter” key was depressed and so they invented ways to transmit data in
short, intermittent packages – called packets.
• the idea grew …
• and turned into the solution to the DoD problem.
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Line Sharing
• The idea of using packets – short
blocks of data – for communications
between computers,
• in a day when telephone or data line
charges were high,
• allowed the line to be shared in a
simple way – first you, then me: the
Aphonse-Gaston protocol for getting
through the narrow doorway.
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Bursty Data
• This idea is based on the observation that
computer data is “bursty”. This made perfectly
good sense – at the time.
• After all, the only time when data had to be
communicated was when you hit the “ENTER”
key and the contents of the keyboard memory
buffer had to be sent to the mainframe, or when a
screen full of characters had to be sent, or an
email sent.
• So, knowing that data is bursty one can package
it with the address of the sender and the address
of the recipient written on the face of the envelop
and give it to the network to deliver.
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As the Post Office Does
• The first station knows which truck to
put your letter on to get it on its way.
• The distribution center in Ottawa
knows which trucks go to Montreal and
points East and North, and which go to
Toronto, and points West and South.
• A similar situation is true of every
sorting station the letter goes through.
When it gets to its final destination, the
local mail room gets it to you.
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• Great! A connectionless network. A “fire and
forget system”; “launch and leave”! Makes very
efficient use of the trucks on each intermediate
link.
• The smarts are in the network, not in some
centralized switching center.
• Every switch (router) is equal to every other.
• This is called a peer-to-peer network.
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Routing
• OK, so how do routers know the routes
to support this internetworking idea?
• Each router in the network has
software that asks every adjacent
router to provide routing information
about all the routers that it is
connected to – continuously throughout the entire internetwork!
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• The packet-switching concept grew into a
suite of protocols, called the Department of
Defense Protocol Standards, developed as
part of the ARPANET.
• From this beginning, the internetworking
protocols have grown into what is now
known as the TCP/IP or Internet Protocol
Suite.
• The governing body for this suite of
protocols is the IETF – the Internet
Engineering Taskforce.
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Recent Status
• The telecommunication industry and
its clients – the world’s telephone
companies – using circuit-emulating,
TDM digital networks, and
• Computer operators using best effort,
TCP/IP packet switched routers to
interconnect networks, mostly
consisting of Ethernet-based local area
networks.
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Recent Status
Recently (which means really recently)
we have the computer communications
community, i.e., the Internet providers,
moving very quickly to introduce new
technology (equipment and
methodologies) that improves the quality
of service in ‘best effort’ TCP/IP
networks so that they can carry the
output of continuous sources such as
voice and video.
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• The improvement in quality has been so
rapid in fact that the world’s
telecommunications companies (carriers)
and cable TV companies have started to
deploy packet switches in their core
networks and to employ IP LAN*
technologies in their wired and wireless
local loops.
• The introduction of IP technology into the
carrier networks has also been driven by
the flexibility and power it affords.
*Local Area Networks
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Convergence
The world’s networks are beginning to
converge towards a reliance on the
use of an ever-expanding TCP/IP suite
of protocols with new mechanisms to
provide circuit-like connections to
subscribers that are capable of
carrying streaming information such as
voice and television.
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Convergence
• Convergence used to be a future for
communications.
• Today it is the present.
• The goal is a single portal
• For all services: radio, TV, telephone,
email, file transfer, www access, space
management, personal command and
control, etc.
• Offered by a single network.
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Common basis
• The exciting accelerant to this progress is
that the same programming technologies
are used in the applications running in the
computers, on the terminal equipment,
and in the network.
• An application designed for a
communications switch is written in the
same language, using the same software
components, that the business data
processing entities it connects are.
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Result
• One example of the power of this that
comes to mind is that a customer of
can have access to their profile as
recorded in a merchant’s “back office”
to, say review an account, or to – more
powerfully - change an address.
• The implications of client access to
back-office data bases are profound.
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Fall Rush
• An example of the service opportunities created by an all-IP
network is a certain telephone company that services an area
with many universities.
• Every Fall they had to connect thousands of new subscribers in a
short period.
• They stopped physically disabling the phone service into student
quarters, relying on software disabling in their data bases. The
phone number/location data was preserved.
• This allowed them to put up a web page where a student could
provide name and address – along with a credit card number,
which when verified caused the phone line to be activated
immediately, without human intervention.
• The implication is that outsiders were able to change crucial
entries – who to charge for service - in the company’s data base:
the holy of holies!
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Hibernia Atlantic TransAtlantic Cables
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• INTERMISSION
•
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http://www.members.shaw.ca/grandmafaiths/senior-citizen.htm
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