Download Wireless 101 - Modern Health Talk

Wireless 101
Considerations for the Networked Building
Wayne Caswell
CAZITech Consulting
These charts are from a 90minute class, taught at the
Networked Building Systems
Forum (April 13-16 in Dallas).
Call if you’d like a similar class
for your organization.
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Wireless 101 Topics
• Glossary of Terms, Resources
• Industry, Spectrum Allocation & Value Chain
• Tradeoffs, Challenges & Issues
– Security & Control
– Compatibility & Upgradeability
– Performance & Scalability
•
•
•
•
Infrastructure Complexity
Range & Coverage
Interference & QoS
Roaming & Session Mgt.
• Q&A
2
Glossary
Wireless Terms & Jargon
(http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/blglossary.htm)
1G, 2G, 3G
802.11 (a, b, g)
802.16, 802.20
Access Point
Asymmetric
Attenuation
Auto sensing
Bandwidth
Bluetooth
Broadband
CDMA
CDMA 2000
Cellular
DHCP
Diffraction
Dongle
3
DNS
DSSS
Dual-mode
EDGE
Encryption
FDMA
FHSS
Firewall
FTP
GPRS
GSM
Handoff
Hertz (MHz, GHz)
Hotspot
Hubs
IEEE
Interference
ISM band
Jitter
LAN / WLAN
Latancy
Line of sight
LMDS
MAN
MDT / MTU
MESH
MMDS
Multimode
Multi-path
NIC
OSI model
Packet
PAN / WPAN
PBCC
Ping
Protocol
QoS
Reflection
Refraction
Repeater
Roaming
Router
Security
Smart Mobs
Sniffer
Software radio
Spectrum
SSID
Switches
Symmetric
TCP/IP
TDMA
Tri-mode
Ultra-wideband
VoIP
VPN
WAN / WWAN
Wardriving
WCDMA
WEP
Wi-Fi
WISP
WML
WPA
WLAN Adoption Rate
Industry Growth
Stage I
Early Adoption
Stage III
Management, Control,
and Integration
More Devices
More Apps
Network Convergence
Work w/ Legacy Systems
2001
2002
WEP
security flaws
4
Stage II
Acceptance
2003
2004
Wi-Fi Protected
Access
2005
2006
2007
Consumer
Enterprise
2008
Industry Growth
Spread of Technology into American Households
Source: Myths of Rich & Poor, W. Michael Cox, 2000
5
WLAN Value Chain
Components
H/W & S/W
Chips
Antennas
Software
Agere
Atheros
Broadcom
Intersil
Intel
TX Instr.
6
Network
Equipment
Access Points
Routers, Hubs
Repeaters
Chipsets
NICs
Aruba
Cisco/Linksys
D-Link
Intel Centrino
Microsoft
Netgear
Proxim
End User
Device
PC, Tablet
PDA
STBs, TVs
Ind.Verticals
Service
Provider
Fee vs. Free
Cingular
Cometa
EarthLink
Dell, HP, IBM Sprint
Panasonic,
Surf and Sip
Sony
T-Mobile
Symbol
Verizon
Wayport
Aggregator Application
& Content
Boingo
GRIC
iPass
Ind.Vertical
Location Based
Productivity
e-Mail
MM Messaging
MM Streaming
Multicasting
Remote Access
VoIP
Representative Sample Only
Spectrum Allocation
Growth Drivers:
Internet, Mobility, Moore’s Law, and Unlicensed Spectrum
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)
LF
Audible Range
0
10 Hz
100 Hz
1 KHz
AM Broadcast
10 KHz
100 KHz
1 THz
1013 Hz
VISIBLE
1014 Hz
1015 Hz
ULTRAVIOLET
1016 Hz
1017 Hz
X-RAY
1018 Hz
VHF
FM Broadcast
1 MHz
10 MHz
1019 Hz
GAMMA-RAY
1020 Hz
Note the Logarithmic scale
7
HF
UHF
SHF
1021 Hz
100 MHz
1 GHz
10 GHz
1023 Hz
1024 Hz
100 GHz
300 GHz
COSMIC-RAY
1022 Hz
EHF
Microwave
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
3 KHz
INFRARED
MF
1025 Hz
FCC Frequency Allocation
Spectrum Allocation
8
900 MHz
2.4 GHz
5.8 GHz
Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf
Detail Charts Follow
BACKUP
Spectrum Allocation
Color coded by Application
Aeronautical
Mobile
Inter-Satellite
Radio Astronomy
Aeronautical
Mobile Satellite
Land Mobile
Radiodetermination
Satellite
Aeronautical
Radionavigational
Land Mobile
Satellite
Radiolocation
Amateur
Maritime Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Amateur Satellite
Maritime Mobile
Satellite
Radionavigation
Broadcasting
Maritime
Radionavigation
Radionavigation
Satellite
Broadcasting
Satellite
Meteorological
Aids
Space Operation
Earth Exploration
Satellite
Meteorological
Satellite
Space Research
Fixed
Mobile
Standard Frequency
and Time Signal
61.25 GHz ± 250 MHz
Fixed Satellite
Mobile Satellite
122.5 GHz ± 500 MHz
Government
Exclusive
Government /
Non-Government
Shared
Standard Frequency
and Time Signal
Satellite
6.78 MHz ± 0.15 MHz
13.56 MHz ± 0.007 MHz
27.12 MHz ± 0.163 MHz
915 MHz ± 13 MHz
2.45 GHz ± 50 MHz
5.8 GHz ± 75 MHz
24.125 GHz ± 125 MHz
245 GHz ± 1000 MHz
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Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf
Non-Government
Exclusive
BACKUP
Spectrum Allocation
915 MHz
Cordless Phones
Baby Monitors
Audio Senders
Head Phones
Speakers
Modems
WLAN
Keyboards
Mice
...
“Too crowded, so
move to 2.4 GHz”
ISM - 26 MHz wide
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BACKUP
Spectrum Allocation
2.4 GHz
Microwave Ovens
Video Senders
Lighting
Medical
802.11b
802.11g
Bluetooth
...
“Too crowded so
move to 5 GHz”
11
ISM - 100 MHz wide
U-NII - 83.5 MHz wide
BACKUP
Spectrum Allocation
5 GHz
802.11a
Satellite
Navigation
Space Research
...
It too will get crowded.
12
Up to 455 MHz wide
depending on region
Wireless Tradeoffs
Performance &
Scalability
Range &
Coverage
QoS &..
Interference
Time-to-Market
13
Size &
Battery Life
Compatibility &
Upgradeability
Tradeoffs = Positioning
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN
Last Mile
Cellular
Network
• Mobile Phone,
PDA, Laptop
• Roaming, Size,
Talk Time
PCS, GSM,
TDMA, CDMA
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Hotspot
Home
Office
•
•
•
•
•
•
MTU, Corporate
Data Only
N/W Admin.
More Reflections
Less Interference
Campus Roaming
•
•
•
•
•
•
MDU, Neighbors
Device
Multimedia (QoS)
Connectivity
No N/W Admin.
More Absorption • Low Power
More Interference (short distance)
Single Access Pt. • Cable Replacement
• Ad-hoc Connection
LMDS, MMDS,
802.16 / .20
IEEE 802.11b, g, a, n
IEEE 802.11i, e, f, h, j, …
Ultra-wideband
ZigBee
Personal Area Networks
LAN
AP
Bluetooth
UWB
750 Kbps
110-480 Mbps
Wireless USB
Wireless 1394
PDA
Printer
15
ZigBee
802.15.3
Faster than BT
Less Interference
~ Same Cost
Personal Area Networks
X-MIT POWER
UWB
802.11b/g
(83.5 MHz)
802.11a
(100-300 MHz)
Two Competing Proposals
FCC Uncertainties
FCC Part 15 Limit
(-41.3 dBm/MHz)
UWB (7.5 GHz)
FREQUENCY
2.4 GHz 3.1 GHz
5.725-5.825 GHz
10.6 GHz
SOURCE: T.S. Rappaport, K. Mandke, L. Yerramneni, and C. Zuniga, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band
Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
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WLAN Challenges & Issues
• Security & Control
• Compatibility & Upgradeability
• Performance & Scalability
– Infrastructure Complexity
– Range & Coverage
– Interference & QoS
– Roaming & Session Mgt.
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WLAN Security
The Weakest Link?
Over WLAN
or Airwaves
Data on Device
Over Internet
Behind Firewall
Internet
SQL D/B, e-mail, etc
In Application Code
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WLAN Security
FREE Network Access Here!
• CIA – Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
• AAA – Authentication, Authorization, Audit
• WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy
– Personal Records (Palo Alto High School)
– Credit Card Numbers (BestBuy)
– National Security (RIAA sues grandpa)
• WPA & 802.1x – Wi-Fi Protected Access
• 802.11i – Standardization
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WLAN Security
MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS
• End-to-End Policies & Enforcement
–
–
–
–
–
–
Think like a Hacker
Separate N/W with VPN
Turn on WEP, even expand beyond WEP
Avoid standard names
TeleWork program
Awareness & Education
• Remaining Issues
– DoS attacks
– Lurkers
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WLAN Comparison
21
BACKUP
Cellular WAN Comparison
22
WLAN Capacity & Coverage
Advertised Speed vs. Maximum Throughput
54 Mbps
54 Mbps
35
30
[Mbps]
25
20
15
27-30
11 Mbps
16-25
10
5
4-7
0
802.11b
23
802.11g
802.11a
WLAN Capacity & Coverage
APPLICATION
Text
Telephone
Color Image
Digital Photo
Digital Music
Video Conferencing
MPEG-4 (Internet VoD)
MPEG-2 (DVD, Satellite)
HDTV (1080i compressed)
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SPEED REQUIRED
300 bps
8 – 64 Kbps
25 KB – 2,500 KB
1,000 – 10,000 KB
128 – 700 Kbps
384 – 2,000 Kbps
250 – 750 Kbps
4,000 – 6,000 Kbps
~20,000 Kbps
WLAN Capacity & Coverage
RANGE:
– Signal Strength (and throughput)
diminish with distance (and when
going through materials)
– Low Frequencies cover more
distance and penetrate materials
– High Frequencies do better with
interference
25
~50’
5 Mbps
150’
2.5
300’
1 Mbps
WLAN Capacity & Coverage
3
2
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3 1 3
2
802.11b/g
26
14
10
12
16
11
13
10
4
15
4
6
7
10
8
5
13
2
1
7
3
1
14
6
4
8
15
5
13
10
8
9
3
9
6
12
3
802.11a
3 non-overlapping channels and
16 non-overlapping channels and
83.5 MHz of spectrum at 2.4 GHz
make co-channel interference and
performance degradation inevitable.
408.5 MHz of spectrum at 5 GHz
makes it possible to set up networks
with with more capacity.
WLAN Capacity & Coverage
Professional Site Survey
SOURCE: T.S. Rappaport, University of Texas
27
Typical WLAN Installation
28
Site Survey
$3K
Packet capture
$2K
PoE Switch and
terminal server
$6K
LAN-speed
Firewall
$20K
Intrusion
Prevention
$10K
Mobile
IP Router
$15K
VPN
Concentrator
$50K
SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks
~$106K
BACKUP
Typical WLAN Installation
Large Building
(800 users)
Capital Items
VPN box
DHCP Server
Network Analyzer
Network Switch
Power-over-Ethernet
Spares / Backups
Expense Items
Access Points
Cable/Install Aps
Client NICs
Install/Config NICs
Total Cost
Cost / User
29
Medium Building Small Building
(150 users)
(32 users)
$ / Unit
# Units
Cost
# Units
Cost
# Units
Cost
$5-10,000
$3,000
$5,000
$2-3,000
$1,500
1
1
1
8
8
$10,000
$3,000
$5,000
$24,000
$12,000
$3,000
1
1
0
1
1
$7,000
$3,000
$0
$3,000
$1,500
$500
1
1
0
1
0
$5,000
$1,000
$0
$2,000
$0
$500
$449
$1,000
$90
$175
96
96
800
800
$43,104
$96,000
$72,000
$140,000
12
12
150
150
$5,388
$12,000
$13,500
$26,250
2
2
32
32
$898
$2,000
$2,880
$5,600
$408,104
$72,138
$19,878
$510
$481
$621
SOURCE: Intel, “Deploying Wireless LANs,” April 2003
Antenna Basics
SOUND WAVES
1 FIRECRACKER
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Antenna Basics
SIGNAL STRENG
ATTENU ATION
TH
OVER
DISTANCE
OVERLAPPING SOUND WAVES
3 FIRECRACKERS
DIFFRA CTION
REFLECTIONS
31
REFLECTIONS
Multi-path REFLECTIONS
REFLECTIONS
REFLECTIONS
Antenna Basics
Coverage Patterns
3600
900
Omni-directional Directional
Antenna
Antenna
32
Smart Antenna
Subsystem
MESH
TOPOLOGY
Antenna Basics
MESH Deployment – Sample Savings
Central Office
Wired (DSL + Ethernet)
$27K / mo.
33
Cell Site
Mesh (802.16 + 802.11)
$14K / mo. (saves $13K /mo)
WLAN Switch
Typical Access Points
Thin Access Points
User Access Air Monitor
Mobile IP, IPSec, Certs
802.11 a/b/g
802.1x, 802.11i,
802.11e, 802.11f, 802.11h
Antenna
802.11 a/b/g
Rogue Wireless Protection
Antenna
Site Surveys
Self-Healing
34
Corporate
Backbone
Mobile IP, IPSec, Certs
802.1x, 802.11i,
802.11e, 802.11f, 802.11h
Corporate
Backbone
Per-user Firewall
RF Management
Session Mgt.
WLAN Switch
Self-calibrating
Real-time
calibration
characterizes
the indoor
propagation to
determine the
actual channel
and transmit
power settings
of each AP
35
SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks
WLAN Switch
Load Balancing
3
2
Move
1, 2 and 3
36
1
SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks
WLAN switch
automatically
balances traffic
among any type of
AP to compensate
for congestion
WLAN Switch
Location-Sensing
Nearest
infusion pump?
Rooms 253, 270
Rouge AP alert
AP
408
Room 408
Mktg. Dept
Installed 4/3, 9:00am
Outside intrusion
Blocked
37
AP
253
270
AP
Location-Sensing
Security
IT Management
Asset Tracking
Location-based
Content
Corporate
Offices
Manufacturing &
Warehousing
Healthcare
Laptops, PDAs
Laptops on
Forklifts
Networked
Medical Dvcs.
Printers
Networked Mfg.
Equipment
Clinician Tablets,
PDAs
High-value
Inventory
High-value
Inventory, Pallets
Wheel Chairs
Personnel
Cars, Trucks,
Containers
Misc. Medical
Dvcs.
Guest Services
Mapping
One-on-one
Marketing
38
Wi-Fi devices & Other tagged equipment
VoIP over WLAN
Software turns PC, Tablet, or iPAQ into Phone
- Make/Answer Calls
- Shared Line Support
- Hold
- Transfer
- Auto Answer
- Call Forwarding
- DTMF Pad
- Calling Party Name Display
- Last Party Number Display
- Last Number Redial
- Last 10 Number Redial
- Multiple Ring Tones
- Message Waiting Indication
- Missed Calls Indicator
- Mute Mic
- Mute Speaker
- Speed Call List
- Time Display
- Transfer
- Tune In Multicast Paging
- Volume Control
39
ISSUES:
Cost, Battery Life,
Interference (CSMA/CA)
Feature-rich
Speech Recongnition:
“Call Dr. Shostak”
“Find a cardiologist”
“Find a 3rd floor manager”
“Record a message for clerks”
“Block calls except Dr. Klien”
“Transfer call to reception”
“This is Brent Lang”
MultiMode
Wired
802.11b
802.11g
802.11a
802.16 / .20
3G Cellular
Ultrawideband
Bluetooth
ZigBee
40
Proprietary
Wayne Caswell
Principal & Chief Visionary
CAZITech Consulting
[email protected]
www.cazitech.com
1-512-335-6073
41