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Transcript
Communications and
Networks
Reading: Chapter 9
1
Why are networks so useful?
60
e
ab
ov
..
of
ot
h
Th
ey
B
fo
r
al
lo
w
th
e
sh
ar
in
g
m
m
u.
..
co
e
ili
ta
t
fa
c
3.
ey
2.
They facilitate
communications
They allow for
sharing of resources
Both of the above
Th
1.
33% 33% 33%
2
Network

Uses of communications technologies




Internet
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Short Message Service (SMS)
Network



Interconnected group of computers and devices connected via
communications devices and media
Facilitates sharing of resources and supports communications
Requires
 Sending & receiving devices
 Communications devices
 Communications channel or path
 Network OS (NOS)
3
Networks –
Communications Devices

Communications Device


Hardware capable of sending/receiving data
Convert signals so that they are suitable for the
communications channel


May convert between analog and digital
Common types






Dial-up modems
ISDN and DSL modems
Cable modems
Network interface cards
Wireless access points
Routers
4
Networks –
Communications Devices

Dial-up Modem


Modulate/demodulate
External modem


Internal modem


Connects to serial or RS-232 port
Card inserted to expansion slot/PC Slot
ISDN and DSL Modems
Do not modulate/demodulate
External
Sends and receives data over a digital
telephone line
ISDN line
DSL line

5
Networks –
Communications Devices

Cable modem




Cable television network
Faster than dial-up access or ISDN line
Splitter runs separate cables to TV’s and cable modem
External


USB port or Ethernet NIC via a cable
Network Interface Card (NIC)




Coordinates transmission/receipt of data to/from the device
Card installed in an expansion slot of a PC, printer, PC slot
Wireless transmission includes antenna
Works with a particular network technology

Ethernet or token ring
6
Networks –
Communications Devices

Hub


Router



Connects multiple
computers and
routers together
Transmits packets to
correct destination
May include built-in
firewall


Provides a central
point of connectivity
for cables in a network
May include a router
Wireless access point


Allows computers and
devices to
communicate wirelessly
Allows data transfer to
a wired network
7
Communications devices include
______.
e
ab
ov
s
IC
ll
o
ft
he
N
A
em
s
m
od
5.
bs
4.
hu
3.
te
rs
2.
routers
hubs
modems
NICs
All of the above
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
ro
u
1.
45
8
Networks –
Communications Channels

Channel


Communications path between two devices
Transmission rate


Speed at which data flows through the channel
Bandwidth of the channel


Bits per second (bps), Hertz (cycles per second)
Transmission media

Materials or techniques capable of carrying one or more signals



Physical transmission media


Baseband media – carry one signal at a time
Broadband media – carry multiple signals concurrently
Twisted pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optic
Wireless transmission media

Infrared, Radio Frequency, Infrared, Microwave
9
Networks –
Physical Transmission Media

Twisted-pair cable


Used for network cabling and
telephone systems
One or more twisted-pair wires
bundled together

Each pair has two insulated copper
wires twisted together

Coaxial cable (coax)
Used for network cabling and cable
TV
Single copper wire surrounded by 3
layers

Insulating material
Woven/braided metal
Plastic outer coating

10
Networks –
Physical Transmission Media

Fiber optic cable


Light used to send signals
Thin glass or plastic strands






Surrounded by insulating
glass cladding and a
protective coating
Carries many signals
High speed
Less noise
Smaller size
Expensive, difficult to install
and modify
optical
fiber
core
glass
cladding
Protective coating
11
Networks –
Physical Transmission Media
12
All of the following except ______
are examples of physical media.
25% 25% 25% 25%
45
e
fib
er
o
e
pt
ic
ca
ca
bl
bl
e
ir
ro
w
av
m
ic
tw
is
te
d
pa
le
4.
lc
ab
3.
ax
ia
2.
coaxial cable
twisted pair
microwave cable
fiber optic cable
co
1.
13
Networks –
Wireless Transmission Media

Radio Frequency




Antenna, transmitter,
receiver
Bluetooth (2.45 GHz)
802.11b & g (2.4 GHz)
Cellular Radio Waves
 Cell phones, mobile
devices
 High frequency radio
waves
 824 to 849 MHz

Infrared Signals


Microwaves
High-speed signal transmission
Signals sent between microwave
stations
Fixed-point wireless
Requires line-of-sight
Communications Satellites

Satellite receives microwave
signal and amplifies
Retransmits over wide-area, to
a number of land-based stations

IR light waves with line-of-sight transmission
14
Networks –
Wireless Transmission Media
15
All of the following except ______ are
examples of wireless media.
25% 25% 25% 25%
45
es
er
o
fib
fre
q
ue
n
cy
pt
ic
w
w
av
av
es
es
te
lli
t
sa
io
ra
d
4.
es
3.
ro
w
av
2.
microwaves
satellites
radio frequency
waves
fiber optic waves
m
ic
1.
16
Networks

Classified according to

Geography – Geographic Distribution






LAN
MAN
WAN
Architecture
Topology
Protocol/Communications Technology
17
Networks –
Geographic Distribution

Local Area Network (LAN)


Connects computers in a limited
geographical area
Each computer and device is a
node

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)


High-speed network that connects LANs in
a metropolitan area
Managed by a consortium of users or a
single network provider
18
Networks –
Geographic Distribution
Wide Area Network (WAN)

Connects computers and devices in a large
geographical area

Connected via many types of media
One large network or two or more
interconnected LANs, MANs


Others
CAN
HAN
TAN

19
A ______ is a network that encompasses a
limited geographic area.
45
25%
25%
PA
N
LA
N
N
4.
W
A
3.
N
2.
25%
MAN
WAN
LAN
PAN
M
A
1.
25%
20
Networks

Classified according to

Geography

Architecture – Broad outline of the network




Peer-to-Peer
Client/Server
Topology
Protocol/Communications Technology
21
Network Architectures –
Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer

Client/Server

client
client
Server controls resources

More storage space, power



client
Serves as a repository
Dedicated servers
Client relies on the server for
access to resources
printer

server
Peer-to-Peer


Share peripheral devices
Up to 10 “peer” computers


Internet Peer-to-Peer (P2P)


NOS & applications software, storage
Users connect directly to each other’s
hard disk
Popular, inexpensive
22
Networks

Can be classified according to

Geography
Architecture

Topology – Physical arrangement of devices

connected to the network



Bus
Ring
Star


Networks often use a combination of topologies
Protocol/Communications Technology
23
Network Topologies –
Bus and Ring Networks
 Bus Network
Single central cable connects computers and
devices
 Transmits in both directions
 If a device fails, network continues to function
Reliable
 Popular, inexpensive


Ring Network





Cable forms a closed ring
Transmits in only one direction
If one device fails, all those after the
device cannot function
Spans larger distance than bus network
LANs and WANs
24
Network Topologies –
Star and Other Networks

Star Network

Devices connect to a central
computer


If one device fails, only that
device is affected


Hub
Hub fails
Other Topologies

Mesh


Redundant interconnections between nodes
Tree

Star networks connected together via a bus
25
With ______ topology, the devices on the
network are connected together in a
closed loop.
25%
45
25%
tr
ee
St
ar
in
g
4.
R
3.
us
2.
25%
bus
ring
star
tree
B
1.
25%
26
Networks

Can be classified according to

Geography
Architecture
Topology

Protocol/Communications Technology –


Standards that govern how data/instructions flow over
the network





Ethernet
Token Ring
TCP/IP
WAP
Others
27
Networks –
Network Communications Technologies

Communications Protocol

Set of rules and procedures for exchanging
information among computers





Ethernet
Token ring
TCP/IP
WAP
Others
28
Network Communications Technologies –
Ethernet

Ethernet


Widely used LAN standard
Developed by Xerox, DEC, Intel - 1976





Fast Ethernet (100Base-T) - 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet - 1000 Mbps
10-Gigabit Ethernet – 10 Gbps
Bus or star topology
PCs in the network to contend for access

Collision
29
Network Communications Technologies –
Token Ring

Token Ring



Ring or star topology
LAN standard
Passes a signal called a token




Special bit pattern
Only device with token can transmit
Device catches the token, attaches message , sends it to
travel around the network to receiving device
Receiving device catches token, strips off the message,
resends token
30
Network Communications Technologies –
TCP/IP

TCP/IP


Used to connect hosts on the Internet
Includes several protocols


Data broken up into small packets





Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
Origin information
Destination information
Sequence information
Data/information/instructions
Packet switching


Break up message into packets, route packets, destination
reassembles the message
Routers direct packets individually along fastest path
31
Network Communications Technologies –
WAP

Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP)


Access Internet via mobile devices
2.0 Specification


Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
Web sites provide wireless content
to display on microbrowsers

WML – XML application designed for
small screens
32
Network Communications Technologies –
802.11, Bluetooth, IrDA

IEEE 802.11 (802.11b, g – “WiFi”)

Family of standards used with wireless LANs


Bluetooth


Devices contain special chip
Short-range radio waves transmit between Bluetooth devices


Used for public Internet access points
Short distance
IrDA



IrDA devices contain IrDA ports
Infrared light waves
Line-of-sight transmission
33
With TCP/IP is used to send data over the
Internet, the data is divided into small
pieces or ______.
25%
45
25%
bs
hu
to
k
en
s
s
ck
et
4.
pa
3.
nd
le
s
2.
25%
bundles
packets
tokens
hubs
bu
1.
25%
34
Networks –
Intranets

Intranet

Internal network in an organization used to share
information



Enterprise network
Connects to the Internet


Uses Internet technologies (TCP/IP, Web server, Web pages)
Extranet - Allows outside user access
Firewall

Designed to prevent unauthorized access to a private network



Firewall blocks messages that do not meet security criteria
Uses hardware, software, combination of both
All messages entering or leaving the intranet must pass through
the firewall
35
Networks –
Home Area Networks (HAN)

Network within a home

Connects digital devices
HomePLC – electrical lines; cables
connect card/USB/parallel port to wall
outlet
Phoneline – telephone lines; cables
connect NIC/PC card to telephone jack

Network card that plugs into
PCI slot and wall outlet for
home power-line network
Howstuffworks.com
HomeRF, 802.11b – radio waves; NIC connects to transceiver with
antenna or to wireless access point
Ethernet – twisted pair cables; Ethernet NIC cards and cables to
connect devices

36
Do you have a home area
network?
o
50%
N
s
2.
Yes
No
50%
Ye
1.
30
37
Networks Summary


Uses of Communications Technology
Networks


Communications Devices
Communications Channels


Geographic



Bus, Ring, Star
Protocols


Peer-to-Peer, Client/Server
Topologies


LAN, MAN, WAN
Architectures


Physical and Wireless Transmission Media
Ethernet, Token Ring, TCP/IP, WAP, 802.11, others
Intranets and Firewalls
Home Networks
38