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Introduction to Networking CCNA 1, Module 1 By Steven Beckwith Aims By the end of this chapter you should be able to: Understand the fundamentals of Internet Connectivity Describe the basic components of a PC’s Hardware and Software Demonstrate TCP/IP Configuration and testing Diferentiate between High Speed and Dialup Connectivity Understand and demonstrate Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal conversion and Boolean Logic Show a basic understanding of IP Addresses and Subnet Masks Internet Fundamentals The Internet A network of Interconnected Networks Computers can exist without the Internet but the Internet cannot exist without computers The Internet can be thought of as a Tree The trunk and branches are the pathways connecting networks The leaves are the computers Internet Connectivity Computers connect to the internet in a number of ways, can you list them? Dial-up (Modem) ISDN DSL Cable Network PC Basics (Components) Electronic components Transistor Integrated Circuit (IC) Resistor Capacitor Connector Light Emitting Diode (LED) PC Basics (Components) PC components Printed Circuit Board (PCB) CD-ROM drive Central Processing Unit (CPU) Floppy Disk Drive Hard Disk Drive Microprocessor Motherboard Random Access Memory (RAM) PC Basics (Components) Contd. PC components Read Only Memory (ROM) Bus Expansion Slots System Unit Power Supply PC Motherboard Components Backplane Memory Chip Network Interface Card (NIC) Video Card Sound Card Parallel Port Serial Port Mouse Port Mouse Port Keyboard Port Power Cord Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port Desktop Vs Laptop Desktop Comes in two styles Desktop Tower Used in the home and at work Not suitable for mobile use Connects directly to network via NIC Can connect to network via a modem Desktop Vs Laptop Laptop Comes in a variety of styles Laptop Palmtop Compact Gives flexibility to mobile users Connects directly to network via NIC Can connect to network via modem and Cellular Telephone Selecting a NIC Points to consider Type of network Ethernet Token Ring FDDI Type of Medium Twisted pair Coaxial Fiber Wireless Selecting a NIC (Contd). Points to consider Type of System bus ISA PCI USB PCMCIA High Speed and Dialup Year Speed (bits/sec) Application 1960’s 300 Connecting Dumb terminals to Mainframe computer 1970’s 300 Bulletin boards introduced 1980’s 4600 Transferring files and graphics 1990s 28800 Widening use of the internet 1998 56000 More graphic based web pages and file transfers 2000s 2,000,000 Introduction of broadband for home users TCP/IP A set of Protocols to allow computers on different networks to communicate Used to access the Internet PC Requires: An IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway This information is obtained from the network administrator TCP/IP Configuration TCP/IP Testing Ping A protocol used to test TCP/IP Connectivity Stands for Packet Internet Groper Sends multiple IP packets to destination computer (typically 4 -packets) Will receive the same number of replies Information obtained will allow you to ascertain network connectivity IPConfig Used to verify current IP configuration Lab 1.1.6 Ping Procedures for verifying connectivity Ping 127.0.0.1 – Internel loopback address Ping IP Address of host computer – Verifies own configuration Ping default gateway IP address – verifies router can be accessed Ping remote IP address – verifies connectivity to remote host Tracert Traces the route traffic takes from source to destination Lab 1.1.7 Decimal Notation All Number systems consist of symbols and rules for using them We use the Decimal number system Consists of the symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Binary Notation Computers use Binary notation Information is stored in memory as a 1 (on) 0r 0 (off) Has only 2 symbols 0 and 1 Called Binary digITS Usually represented in groups of 8 BITS 8 BITS = 1 Byte or Octet 1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (Kb) 1024 Kb = 1 Megabyte (Mb) 1024 Mb = 1 Gigabyte (Gb) Binary Notation Possible combinations of 1s and 0s in 8 bits = 0 -255 Hexadecimal Notation Computers represent large numbers as Hexadecimal Has 16 symbols, numbers 0-9 and A, B,C, D, E, F representing 10 – 15. Number Conversions Lab 1.2.5 Decimal to Binary Conversion Lab 1.2.6 Binary to Decimal Conversion Lab 1.2.8 Hexadecimal Conversions Boolean Logic Boolean logic is based on digital circuitry that accepts one or two incoming voltages. Based on the input voltages, output voltage is generated. For the purpose of computers the voltage difference is associated as two states, on or off. These two states are in turn associated as a 1 or a 0, which are the two digits in the binary numbering system. Logic Gates NOT The NOT operation takes whatever value is presented, 0 or 1, and inverts it. A one becomes a zero and a zero becomes a one. Logic Gates AND The AND operation takes two input values. If both are 1, the logic gate generates a 1 output. Otherwise it outputs a 0. Logic Gates OR The OR operation also takes two input values. If at least one of the input values is 1, the output value is 1 IP Addressing An IP Address is a 32 bit address represented in Decimal notation for ease of reading eg. 192.168.10.143 Has 2 parts Network portion Host Portion Has a Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 Subnet Masks Subnet Mask is used to identify the network portion if the address Converting the IP address 10.34.23.134 to binary would result in: 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 Performing a Boolean AND of the IP address 10.34.23.134 and the subnet mask 255.0.0.0 produces the network address of this host: 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000 Network Address = 10.0.0.0 Subnet Masks Performing a Boolean AND of the IP address 10.34.23.134 and the subnet mask 255.255.0.0 produces the network address of this host: Answer 00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000 Network Address = 10.34.0.0 Good luck in the test!