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SONET
Presented by Radha Gummuluri
ECE-E 641 Fiber Optic Communications
5/25/2017
Radha Gummuluri
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Topics
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What is SONET
Frame Structure and Transmission Speed Standards
Typical Sonet Connection and Sonet Network Elements
Network Configurations
Ring Architecture (Self Healing Rings)
Advantages of SONET
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Sonet Overview
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Standard for Optical telecommunications
Formulated by Exchange Carriers Standards Association (ECSA) for ANSI
Defines the Optical Carrier (OC) levels and electrically equivalent
synchronous transport signals (STS)
Synchronous design allows efficient multiplexing of lower level STS signals
into a higher level STS signal without bit stuffing.
SONET/SDH is the primary backbone transmission technology for national
and international carriers
Today, there are over 150,000 SONET rings deployed in North America alone
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Frame Structure Standards
Frame Structure of an STS-1 SONET frame
Path overhead (1 column)
9 rows
of bytes
Section
and
Line
Overhead
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Synchronous Payload envelope
(SPE)
87 columns
90 columns
STS-1 = (90 bytes/row)(9 rows/frame)(8 bits/byte)(125µs/frame) = 51.84Mb/s
Frame Structure of an STS-N SONET frame
Path overhead (N column)
9 rows
of bytes
Section
and
Line
Overhead
3*N
Synchronous Payload envelope
(SPE)
87*N columns
90*N columns
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Transmission Speed Standards
SONET
OC level
Electrical
level
Line rate
Mb/s
Capacity
SDH
OC-1
STS-1
51.84
28 DS1 or 1 DS3
-
OC-3
STS-3
155.52
84 DS1 or 3 DS3
STM-1
OC-12
STS-12
622.08
336 DS1 or 12 DS3
STM-4
OC-48
STS-48
2488.32
1344 DS1 or 48 DS3
STM-16
OC-192
STS-192
9953.28
5376 DS1 or 192 DS3
STM-64
Sonet terminology for Transmission distances
Transmission
Distance
SONET terminology
SDH terminology
<= 2 km
Short-reach
Intra office
15 Km
Intermediate-reach
Short-haul
40km at 1310nm
Long-reach
Long-haul
80km at 1550nm
Long-reach
Long-haul
120km at 1550nm
Long-reach
Very long-haul
160km at 1550nm
Long-reach
Ultra long-haul
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Small Enterprise
Requires < 155Mbps of Bandwidth
OC-12
SONET
Ring
OC-3
OC-192
SONET
Ring
Radha Gummuluri
OC-48
SONET
Ring
OC-12
Larger Enterprise
Requires < 622Mbps of Bandwidth
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Typical Sonet Connection
Add drop Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer
PTE
Path
Terminal
Equipment
Regenerator
Digital Cross Connect (X-Connect)
LTE
Line
Terminal
Equipment
LTE
Line
Terminal
Equipment
PTE
Path
Terminal
Equipment
Section
Line
Path
Section Overhead
•Section error monitoring
•Provision of orderwire channel for voice communication
•Provision of data communication for OAM&P to facilitate network management
•Framing
Line Overhead
•Consists of bytes for locating the SPE in the frame
•Concatenating of signals
•Line performance and error monitoring
•Automatic protection switching
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Path Overhead
performance monitoring of STS-SPE
path status byte for maintenance purpose
path trace
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Network Configurations
Point to Point
PTE
PTE
Point to Multipoint
PTE
ADM
PTE
m
u
x
Hub Network
M
u
x
D
c
s
m
u
x
m
u
x
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SONET Rings (self healing rings)
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring (UPSR)
Node 1
4
1
Primary path
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Protection Path
Node 2
7
5
2
6
Node 4
Node 3
3
TX
Primary path
1
1
4
5
Node 4
2
6
3
Protection path
3
2
RX
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Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)
Primary bidirectional loop
4p
5p
Node1
8p
4s
5s
8s
Node 4
1p
1s
Node 2
Secondary bidirectional
protection loop
7s
6s
3s
6p
Node3
7p
2p
2s
3p
1
4
2
Protection switching
loopbacks
3
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Advantages of Sonet
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Defines a set of generic standards that enable products from different vendors
to be connected.
Facilitates adding and dropping of signals with a single multiplexer.
Has a flexible architecture that is capable of accommodating future
applications, with different transmission rates
Reduces the equipment requirement and increases the network reliability.
Presence of payload and overhead bytes, where the overhead bytes provide
network management at various levels.
IP
IP
ATM
ATM
99.9% of all data traffic goes
across the SONET
network, including IP
SONET/SDH
Network
LAN Traffic
(Ethernet)
LAN Traffic
(Ethernet)
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References:
• [1] “advances in optical switching and networking: past, present and
future”, proceedings IEEE Southeast Con 2002
• [2]”sonet: now it’s the standard optical network”, IEEE
communications magazine, March 1989, volume 27, number 3
• [3] synchronous Optical Networks (SONET) document by
www.iec.org
• [4] sonet network elements document by www.tektronix.com/optical
• [5]”a class of self healing ring architectures for sonet network
applications”, IEEE transactions on communications, vol 40, no.
11, nov.1992
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THANK YOU
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