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Lesson 21. IP Addressing Objectives At the end of this Presentation, you will be able to: • Explain the differences between Class A, Class B, and Class C IP addresses. • Given an IP address, determine what Class of address it is. • Explain the difference between the Network ID and the Host ID portions of an IP address. • Explain the difference between Public and Private IP Addresses. • Identify broadcast, loop-back, and public and private addresses. Network+ Domains covered: • 2.5 • 2.8 • 2.9 TCP/IP is: • The Protocol of the Internet • The number 1 protocol in the world for moving data around • A suite of over 100 protocols • One of the protocols supported by Windows 9X, Windows NT, and Windows 2000/2003. • One of the protocols supported by NetWare 5.0. • The protocol of UNIX. TCP/IP- A suite of protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) - The protocol that determines the Internet’s basic packet structure and its addressing scheme. • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - The protocol that sets up a connection between two hosts and ensures that data is passed between them reliably. IP Address • A logical rather than physical address. • How it is entered into your computer: o o Manually, by you or the network administrator. Automatically, via the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). • Works at the Networking Layer of the OSI model. Each computer on a network that uses the TCP/IP protocol must have its own unique IP address. Converting an IP Address from Binary to Dotted-Decimal 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 01 205 208 113 205 .208 .113 .5 5 IP Address Classes • Class A • Class B • Class C The IP Address is divided into two parts: Network ID Host ID (Assigned by InterNIC) (Assigned locally) Class A IP Address 0 n n n n n n n x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x xx 1 - 126 Network ID (Assigned by InterNIC) Host ID (Assigned locally) Class B IP Address 1 0 n n n n n n n n nn n n n n x x x xx x x x x x x x x x xx 128 - 191 Network ID (Assigned by InterNIC) Host ID (Assigned locally) Class C IP Address 1 1 0 n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n nn n n n x x x x x x xx 192 - 223 Network ID (Assigned by InterNIC) Host ID (Assigned locally) Number of Networks Number of Hosts per Network Class A 126 16,777,214 Class B 16,384 65,534 Class C 2,097,152 254 Number of Networks Hosts/ Network Theoretica l # of Hosts Class A 126 16,777,214 2.1 Billion Class B 16,384 65,534 1.1 Billion Class C 2,097,152 254 0.5 Billion Total 2,113,662 3.7 Billion Range of Network IDs Class A 1-126 Class B 128-191 Class C 192-223 Network ID 127 is reserved for testing. • Loop back ID • It is a “wild card” address for the local device. • It gives you a way of addressing the device you are at without having to look up its “real” IP address. Address 255.255.255.255 • Reserved for broadcasts • The packet is sent to all nodes on the LAN. The other Network IDs • Class D – 224 through 239. Used for Multicasting. That is, it’s a way of broadcasting to several hosts simultaneously. Also called broadcast addresses. • Class E – 240 through 254. Used as Experimental address blocks. The first Octet identifies the address Class. • • • • • • • • 0 Not Used 1-126 Class A 127 Loop back Address 128-191 Class B 192-223 Class C 224-239 Class D 240-254 Class E 255 Not generally used Binary 1111 1111 Dotted Decimal 255 Broadcast Addresses by Class • Class A Example 12.255.255.255 • Class B Example 128.128.255.255 • Class C Example 192.192.192.255 Conserving IP Addresses • There are a limited number of IP addresses. • The world is quickly running out of unused IP addresses. • The demand for new IP addresses continues to grow. • Several schemes have been devised to help conserve the remaining supply of unused IP addresses. Definitions • Enterprise – Any entity operating a TCP/IP network. • Host – A device within an enterprise that has an IP address. Three Categories of Enterprises • Enterprises that do not require access to the Internet. • Enterprises that need unlimited access to the Internet. • Enterprises that need only limited access to the Internet which can be handled by a mediating gateway. Internet Private Network • Not connected to Internet. • Private network • IP addresses are unique within the enterprise but are not globally unique. Private IP Addresses • Used in private, isolated TCP/IP networks that aren’t connected to the Internet. • Allow private networks to have whatever internal address structure they desires. • Are not assigned by INTERNIC, but are assigned by the local Network Administrator. • Are not unique, except within the private network. Host-A 9.0.0.9 Internet Public Network • Unlimited access to Internet. • Public network • IP addresses are globally unique. Public IP Address • A “legal” Internet address. • Assigned by INTERNIC, either to you directly, or indirectly through your Internet Service Provider (ISP). • “You can contact me at IP Address 193. xxx.xxx.xxx.” • It guarantees a globally unique IP address. Private Network Internet Network Address Translator (NAT) Private IP Addresses • The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved three blocks of the IP address space for private internets: o o o 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 Why Private IP Addresses? • Inevitably, the private address will eventually get connected to the Internet. • By making these private addresses known, gateways and routers can be programmed to filter out private IP addresses thereby keeping them off of the Internet. • These private IP addresses are not allowed to be routed on the Internet. Identify the network Class for these IP Addresses. • • • • • 127.0.0.1 1.0.0.1 128.173.129.113 173.129.116.100 193.0.0.1 Identify the network Class for these IP Addresses. • • • • • 127.0.0.1 Loop back address 1.0.0.1 Class A 128.173.129.113 Class B 173.129.116.100 Class B 193.0.0.1 Class C Which of the following is a private IP address? • • • • 10.123.123.123 172.17.123.123 192.168.123.123 224.192.123.123 Which of the following is a private IP address? • • • • 10.123.123.123 Private 172.17.123.123 Private 192.168.123.123 Private 224.192.123.123 Public - Multicast • Explain the differences between Class A, Class B, and Class C IP addresses. • Given an IP address, determine what Class of address it is. • Explain the difference between the Network ID and the Host ID portions of an IP address. • Explain the difference between Public and Private IP Addresses. • Identify broadcast, loop-back, and public and private addresses.