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Analyze
Assure
LBS Technologies and Test
Methodologies
Accelerate
TM
LBS Technologies
LBS employs several different technologies:
Position Location Technology
Only Mobile Based
Technologies
require additional
Mobile Testing
Analyze
Assure
Location Measurement
Time of Arrival (TOA)
Network
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)
Network
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
Network
Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
Network / Mobile
Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT)
Mobile
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
Mobile
Hybrid (AFLT & A-GPS)
Mobile
GPS
Mobile
TM
Accelerate
Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
Advanced Forward Link Trilateration
• Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT)
• Mobile measures Pilot Phase (Distance) from BTSs



Measurements passed
back to Network using
IS-801-1 signaling
Network knows
location of BTSs and
Mobile’s distance from
each BTS
BTS
Antenna
Mobile
BTS
Antenna
BTS
Antenna
Network calculates
Mobile’s position
Analyze
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TM
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Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
• Reference receiver provides GPS data and precise
time to the PDE
• Network provides initial estimate of mobile position
and assistance data to the mobile

In MS-Assisted mode, the mobile
takes a ‘snapshot’ of the GPS
satellites in view and reports
distance data back to the PDE


PDE computes the position of
the mobile
In MS-Based mode, the mobile
computes its own position based on
its internal measurements of the
visible satellites
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Rev 1.01
Hybrid
• Uses A-GPS & AFLT
• Best of both technologies
• Phone reports ranges
using GPS satellites
and CDMA pilots
• Example:

QUALCOMM/SnapTrack’s
gpsOne
 The de facto standard in
the CDMA industry
Analyze
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TM
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Rev 1.01
CDMA LBS Architecture
• Key Network Entities:
 PDE
calculates Mobile position
 MPC controls PDE and MS
 PSAP terminates emergency calls
Position
Determination Entity
GPS
Reference
Network
PDE
Mobile
Positioning Center
BSC
MPC
BS
MS
MSC
Public Service
PSAP
Answering Point
BSC
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TM
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Rev 1.01
BS
LBS Market Perspective
LBS: A growing market

Varying estimates between US$20B ~ US$82B by 2005

Some expect LBS will account for 20% of wireless data revenue by
2005
US: Still mostly driven by E911 Phase II mandate

Deployments started in 2002

Expected to be widely adopted in 2005
Asia: Many commercial LBS applications have already
started generating revenue

Example: ‘EZ Navi’ service from KDDI in Japan
Europe: Commercial LBS and growing interest in E112

GSM/WCDMA standards from 3GPP

Commercial deployments expected to start in 2005
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TM
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Rev 1.01
Why Test LBS Performance?
There are 3 main reasons for testing LBS applications:
Customer Satisfaction

In this growing market, LBS performance will be a critical
contributor to widespread customer adoption
Carrier Acceptance

Without Carrier acceptance, mobiles cannot be brought to
market
Mandatory Test Requirements

Governments are dictating performance criteria for Safety
of Life LBS applications (e.g. E911 & E112)
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Rev 1.01
Customer Satisfaction
Minimum Performance Tests

TIA-916 (IS-916) is a published Minimum Performance
Test Specification for location-capable mobiles:
• GPS Performance Tests:
Accuracy Test (Stationary)
Accuracy Test (Moving)
Dynamic Range Test
Multipath Test
Sensitivity Test
• AFLT Performance Tests:
Accuracy Test
Sensitivity Test
• Hybrid Performance Tests:
3 Satellite, 2 pilots + 1 Satellite
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Rev 1.01
Carrier Acceptance
Most major CDMA carriers have created their own LBScapable mobile acceptance criteria based around
Spirent’s PLTS
Some key carriers using PLTS:
• Verizon
• AllTel
• KDDI
• SKT
• KTF
KTF
• China Unicom
CHINA UNICOM
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Rev 1.01
Mandatory Test Requirements
FCC E911 Phase II Test Requirements

The are currently NO mandatory Lab
Based tests defined

OET 71 describes the mandatory field
test procedure for FCC validation
• This procedure is both costly and time
consuming, but must be carried out
• Lab based testing allows Mobiles to be prescreened to SAVE TIME and MONEY
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Rev 1.01
Analyze
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An Introduction to IS-801.1
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GPS Overview
GPS
Global Positioning System
24 Satellites Continuously Orbit
the Earth
GPS L1 Frequency: 1575.42MHz
Orbit: 20,000km, 11,000 miles
Complete Message lasts 750s
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Rev 1.01
Slide 7
GPS Overview
Key Features of GPS satellites:
Each GPS satellite has a
VERY accurate Clock.
All GPS satellites are
exactly synchronized.
Each satellite transmits a
unique PRN Code.
The position of each
satellite is precisely known.
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Rev 1.01
Slide 8
GPS Overview
How does a normal GPS receiver work?
When you FIRST power up a
15~20 mins
GPS receiver it takes a
significant amount of time to
locate the satellites.
The SECOND time you
power up a GPS receiver it 30~60 seconds
takes only a few seconds to
find the satellites.
Why the difference?
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TM
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Rev 1.01
Slide 9
GPS Overview
First time Power-Up:
GPS Receiver does NOT know:
- Time (GPS)
- Rough Location of GPS Receiver
- Satellite Locations
GPS Receiver
Without any ONE of these items the GPS
receiver must Search for the Satellites
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Rev 1.01
Slide 10
Searching for GPS Satellites
First time Power-Up:
GPS Receiver Starts to Scan for a GPS Signal
GPS Receiver
Earth’s Surface
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Rev 1.01
Slide 11
GPS Overview
Once a Satellite is found, the receiver starts to download GPS Data
GPS Receiver
Earth’s Surface
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Rev 1.01
Slide 12
GPS Overview
GPS Data:
Almanac
Orbital Patterns of the Satellites
(Each satellite transmits the orbits of
all other satellites.)
Time
Time Of Week (TOW)
Week Number (WN)
Ephemeris
Errors in orbital patterns
(Each satellite transmits own
ephemeris data.)
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It takes 12 ½ minutes to
download the full set of
data!
Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
Slide 13
GPS Overview
GPS Receiver continues to scan for more GPS signals
GPS Receiver
Earth’s Surface
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TM
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Rev 1.01
Slide 14
GPS Overview
As the GPS receiver locks on to more satellites it starts to
download their GPS data.
GPS Receiver
Earth’s Surface
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TM
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Rev 1.01
Slide 15
GPS Overview
Once the GPS receiver has locked onto four satellites and
downloaded the Almanac and Ephemeris data it can now
calculate its position.
GPS Receiver
Eatontown, NJ!
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Rev 1.01
Slide 16
GPS Overview
Second time Power-Up:
GPS Receiver DOES know:
- Time
- Last Position of the GPS Receiver
- GPS Data
GPS Receiver
GPS Receiver Stores the GPS Information
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Slide 17
GPS Overview
A-GPS can be thought of as a GPS receiver split in 2 parts
Storage of Time,
Almanac &
Ephemeris Data
(Network)
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TM
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IS-801.1
Antenna & GPS
Receiver
Messages
(Mobile)
Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
Slide 17
IS-801.1 Overview
What is IS-801.1?
Position Determination Service Standard for
Dual Mode Spread Spectrum Systems
This specification defines the Air Interface
Messages passed between the Network and
the Mobile phone.
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Rev 1.01
IS-801.1 Overview
IS-801.1 Message consists of two parts:
Transport Protocol
The METHOD of passing the location information
between the mobile and the network.
Location Data
The location INFORMATION to be passed between
the mobile and the network.
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IS-801.1 Overview
IS-801.1 Message
Transport Protocol & Location Data
IS-801.1 Message
Transport
Protocol
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Location
Data
Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
IS-801.1 Overview
Transport Protocol
IS-801.1 Currently ONLY defines ‘Data Burst
Messages’
But…
QUALCOMM has also defined a TCP/IP protocol
which can be used.
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Rev 1.01
IS-801.1 Overview
Location Data Contain 3 main Parts:
Session ID Information
Request Elements
Response Elements
Location Data
Number
Requests
Session
Information
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Number
Responses
Request
Elements
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Rev 1.01
Response
Elements
IS-801.1 Messages
Request MS Information & Pilot Phase Measurement
Provide MS Information
Provide Pilot Phase Measurement
Request Pseudorange & Pilot Phase Measurement
Request Acquisition Assistance
Provide Acquisition Assistance
BTS
MS
Request Location Response,
Provide Pseudorange & Pilot Phase Measurement
Provide Location Response
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Rev 1.01
Analyze
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An Introduction to TIA-916
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TM
TIA-916
What is TIA-916?
“Recommended Minimum Performance
Specification for TIA/EIA/IS-801-1
Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations”
Note 5.
Those wishing to deploy systems in the United States should also take
notice of the requirement to be compliant with Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) Ruling on 911 Emergency Services. Meeting the
requirements contained in this standard (TIA-916) does not guarantee
compliance with the FCC requirements listed in FCC 00-326, CC Docket
No. 94-102.
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TIA-916 Minimum Performance Testing
TIA-916 has two main test sections:
GPS Tests
AFLT Tests
The Hybrid section is just for completeness
Hybrid Tests
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&
Rev 1.01
TIA-916 GPS Performance Tests
GPS Performance
GPS Accuracy Test (Stationary)
GPS Dynamic Range Test
GPS Sensitivity Test
GPS Multipath Accuracy Test
GPS Accuracy Test (Moving)
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Rev 1.01
AFLT Tests
AFLT Performance Tests
AFLT Accuracy Test
AFLT Sensitivity Test
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Rev 1.01
Analyze
Assure
Accelerate
CDMA Position Location Test System
(PLTS)
TM
PLTS Hardware
 PLTS Hardware
– 2 SR3452V2 CDMA Network Emulator
– GSS5060 GPS Simulator
– TAS3710 PDE
– Controller PC
– 8 Port Ethernet Router
Analyze
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TM
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Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
Slide 1
Spirent PLTS Overview
TASKIT/PLTS Software
SimGEN GPS Software
The world’s first
integrated test
solution for
location-capable
CDMA mobile
devices
Virtual Receiver
Data
Universal Diagnostic Monitor
TAS3710 PDE
SR5500 Wireless
Channel Emulator
AirAccess C2K
CDMA Network
Emulator
TAS5600 Universal
Interference Emulator
TAS5048 Test
Configuration Unit
Unit Under
Test
GSS5060 Multi-Channel
GPS Simulator
 Repeatable characterization of GPS, AFLT, and Hybrid
performance is challenging and costly through field tests
Key Test
Issues
 As focus turns to commercial location-based services it is
critical to characterize end-user experience
Unique
Attributes
Analyze
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 Builds on Spirent’s global leadership in GPS test and
wireless channel emulation
 Commercial PDE integrated into system, enabling true labbased interoperability testing against identical software
deployed in networks
TM
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Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
What is a “SuperRack”?
• PLTS can combine with C2K-ATS
CDMA Automatic Test System to form
a complete, integrated test system for
CDMA Mobile Device testing:



Stage 1 (IS-98) Minimum Performance
Stage 2 (IS-898) Signaling Conformance
IS-801-1/IS-916 Position Location
• Common network emulation,
impairment and test configuration
resource
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TM
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Rev 1.01
Key PLTS Features
• Easy-to-use test executive software with test
automation

Includes automated mobile control and monitoring
• Test suites for industry-standard test specifications

Test Suites based on TIA-916 are supplied
• Real PDE algorithms for representative system testing

Allows meaningful Interoperability testing and Hybrid testing of
mobiles that do not self-determine location
• Impairments Option for CDMA field scenario testing

e.g. signal blockage, multipath interference, Doppler
spreading
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Rev 1.01
Key PLTS Features
• Supports both mobile initiated and mobile
terminated positioning sessions
• Supports both Control Plane and User Plane
transport mechanisms

Integrated support for IS-801-1 signaling for Control
Plane technologies

Optional support for QUALCOMM® User Plane
architecture and KDDI-proprietary User Plane
technologies
• Real PDE Integrated within system
(SnapTrack®)
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Rev 1.01
PLTS System Architecture
CDMA Position
Location Test
System (PLTS)
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Rev 1.01
PLTS System Elements
•
•
•
•
•
Test Executive Software (TASKIT/PLTS)
GPS SimLOCATE software (GSS5060)
CDMA Network Emulator (AirAccess C2K)
SnapTrack® PDE (TAS3710)
Universal Diagnostic Monitor (UDM V2)
Impairments Option:
• RF Channel Emulator (SR5500) with
AWGN Option
• Test Configuration Kit (TAS5068)
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TASKIT/PLTS Software
• Single point of control for all system elements
• Fully automates every aspect
of test execution:



Data collection
Results reporting
Results analysis
• Test suites defined in terms of
parameters required in a
particular test, not instrumentspecific settings
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Rev 1.01
TASKIT/PLTS Test Suites
IS-916
Test Suites
General
Parameters
System
Date / Time
GPS and CDMA
Network
Parameters
Map View of
CDMA
Environment
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Rev 1.01
TASKIT/PLTS Results Reporting
• All test parameters
and results stored
in an Microsoft®
Access database
for post processing
• Standardized
results formats in
TASKIT/ PLTS
enable meaningful
performance
comparisons to be
shared between
service providers,
test labs and
manufacturers
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Proprietary - © 2003 Spirent Communications.
Rev 1.01
GSS5060 GPS Location Simulator
 Built on Spirent’s global leadership in GPS environment
emulation
 Generates up to 12 GPS L1
C/A Code Satellite signals
 Emulates signal impairments:
– Atmospheric effects
– Static multipath
– Blockage
 SimLOCATE software supports two locations:
– One for mobile
– One for static PDE (Using Virtual Receiver)
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Rev 1.01
SimLOCATE Application Software
Simulation
Date/Time
Mobile
Location
Reference
Receiver File
Mobile File
File Cabinet
Sky Plot
Visible
Satellite
Details &
Received
Power
Levels
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Rev 1.01
Real-Time GPS Satellite Power Control
Visible satellites
Real time control of
satellite power
Absolute or relative to
GPS nominal (-130 dBm)
Turn individual satellites
on or off in real time
Sliders control each
channel independently or
all channels together
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Rev 1.01
AirAccess C2K CDMA Network Emulator
• Real-time IS-95/IS-2000
multi-cell Network emulation
• Support for IS-801-1 signaling
• Platform enables both Control
Plane (Data Burst) and User
Plane (TCP/IP) delivery
methods
• Multi-sector, multi-BSC
emulation permits true soft,
softer and hard handoffs
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Rev 1.01
AirAccess C2K Application Software
Test
Results
Window
File Cabinet
Test
Configuration
Window
Message
Analyzer
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Rev 1.01
AirAccess C2K Message Analysis
Message Analyzer
Includes Full IS-801-1
Message Decode
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Rev 1.01
AirAccess C2K BTS Configuration
PN Offset
and
Power
Level
Overhead
Message
Configuration
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Rev 1.01
TAS3710 PDE
• Network Entity, hosted on server platform and
configured for test system application
• Uses SnapTrack® /
QUALCOMM® PDE
algorithms
• PLTS system architecture capable of supporting
multiple PDE software versions, including
algorithms from other PDE vendors, for
comprehensive interoperability testing
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Rev 1.01
UDM V2 Universal Diagnostic Monitor
• Enables test automation by providing simultaneous
remote control and monitoring of mobile
GPS Signals &
CDMA Pilots
RF
Shielded
Box
Remote Control
and Monitoring of
Mobile Under Test
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UDM
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Rev 1.01
UDM V2 Universal Diagnostic Monitor
• Complements PLTS by expanding Spirent’s
position location testing capabilities into the field
environment

Full IS-801-1 message
logging & decoding

Location charting

Statistical error analysis
for E911 Phase II
compliance per FCC
OET Bulletin No. 71
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Rev 1.01
PLTS Impairments Option
• Emulates representative
CDMA propagation
impairments in rural, suburban
and urban environments:

signal blockage, fading,
multipath and noise
SR5500 RF Channel Emulator
(With AWGN Option)
• Helps reduce the need for
expensive field test
campaigns to validate
location-capable mobile
devices beyond their
minimum performance
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TAS5048 Test Configuration Unit
Rev 1.01
PLTS User Plane Option
• Standard capabilities of Spirent’s PLTS system
extended with User Plane option

Simulation of QUALCOMM®’s User Plane
architecture integrated onto the PLTS platform

Includes flexible emulation of the Mobile Positioning
Center (MPC) network entity required for
authentication

Extends performance analysis capabilities of the
PLTS system by providing User Plane
implementations of test cases based on TIA-916
specification
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Rev 1.01
Integrated Support in TASKIT/PLTS
• Extends existing minimum performance and system
performance test cases with User Plane-specific test
parameters
• Provides ability to analyze behavior of mobile/LBS
application against each supported call flow
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Rev 1.01
Flexible MPC Emulation
• PLTS emulates interface between mobile
and Mobile Positioning Center (MPC)
• Highly flexible configuration interface
provides control over MS-MPC message
content

Both SMS and TCP/IP-Based Protocols
• Behavior of mobile device can be
analyzed across all possible MS-MPC
message formats and content
• Configurations stored in standard file
format and recalled into TASKIT/PLTS
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Rev 1.01
Minimum Performance Test Cases
• User Plane package includes minimum performance
test cases based on IS-916 standard
• Enable complete performance analysis of underlying
positioning technologies (AFLT/GPS/Hybrid) employed
by LBS applications
• Help characterize end-user experience of LBS
applications
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Rev 1.01
Roadmap for PLTS User Plane Option
• Network emulation support included in PLTS User
Plane option will be delivered in two phases
• Phase 1 feature set available in December 2004
(PLTS Version 2.0)

QUALCOMM® V1 User Plane Technologies
• Phase 2 feature set available in May 2005 (PLTS
Version 3.0)

QUALCOMM® V2 User Plane Technologies

Optional support over EV-DO
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Rev 1.01
Basic PLTS System Configuration
PLTS-EX CDMA Position Location Test System
 AirAccess C2K CDMA Network Emulator
(includes two SR3452s)
 GSS5060 GPS Location Simulator
 TAS3710 PDE
 TASKIT/PLTS Software
 UDM V2 Universal Diagnostic Monitor
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PLTS Hardware Options
PLTS-IMP4 Impairments Option for PLTS
 SR5500 RF Channel Emulator
 AWGN Option
 C2K-TCU2-KIT Test Configuration Kit (includes TAS5048)
 PLTS-IMP-TS1 Impairment Support for TASKIT/PLTS
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PLTS Software Options
PLTS-USER-PLANE
PLTS-API
User Plane Option for PLTS
Remote Control API Option
PLTS-KDDI-TS
PLTS-JPN
KDDI Test Suites
KDDI Protocol Support
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Rev 1.01
Analyze
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Analyze | Assure | Accelerate™
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Copyright © 2004 Spirent Communications Inc.
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