Download 30 Years of Academic Netgworks

European International Academic
Networking
A 20 Year Perspective
Peter T. Kirstein
University College London
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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Outline
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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Contents
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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Scope
• Mainly Academic Service Networks
– I.e. Networks for research, not network research
– Little about Telecom networks unless for research
• Concentrating on European Level
– Mention US mainly for comparison
– Not considering National activities
• Covering mainly last two decades
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Contents
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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1984 - The US Scene
• Agencies had mission-oriented networks
– NASA DECnet-based SPAN, NSN (IP under
consideration)
– DoE MFEnet (Fusion, proprieatary), HEPnet
(DECnet),
– DARPA Arpanet SATNET (/IP)
– DISA Milnet (Arpanet protocols)
– NSF CSNET (Arpanet Protocols, G/w to Arpanet
• IBM – BITNET all IBM mainframes – many
• USEnet, PHONEnet – both mail only
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1984 - European Scene
• Few NRENs – Holland, Norway, Sweden, UK
– COM in Norway and Sweden - COM
• Many PTT X.25 PDNs – too expensive
• CSNET node in Karlsuhe U – IP etc
• France many separate nets – INRIA, CNRS,
University (still 6-node Cigale)
• UK JANET link to Arpanet via SATNET/IPSS – CB
• SATNET service sites in Germany, Italy, Sweden and
UK – only UK to NREN, others U only – IP etc
• CERN large net and X.25 switch for HEP - Prop
– Many HEP labs linked and had inter-site traffic
• European BINET (EARN) nearly ready – IBM Prop
• Many used EUNET for mail - UUCP
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Early Research Protocols
• Development of OSI Protocols vs Internet
– TCP vs TP4/CLNS or CONS, FTP, X.400 vs SMTP, X500,
XXX vs TELNET, Cambridge Ring, Token vs ENET
• Many tried to define and live with OSI family
– Germany particularly keen
– Many worked on X.400 and X.500 (84 & 88)
• Looking at impact of PTT services
– ISDN, X.25, videotext, teletex, fax
• Lot of work on gateways and adaptation
• Some complete systems – particularly UK
– File, mail, NRS, RJE, XXX, transport, LAN, CONS,
X.400,X.500, Coloured Book
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Contents
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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The Protocol Wars
• US nets mainly leased lines, European X.25
• 7 layer OSI vs SNA vs DECNET vs Internet vs CB
– Each layer generated arguments, including whether
layer was at correct place or needed
• Different Groups worked on Standards
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CCITT improved X.25, X.400, X.500, XXX
ISO File, Presentation, Alphabet, Transport
IETF worked on Internet Protocols (from 1986)
DEC on DECNET protocols
IBM/BITNET/EARN on SNA and EARN
JNT on Coloured Books
Significant amount of cross-filing of standards
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Protocol Consolidation
• During 84-90, Protocols families mixed
– Put BITNET, Internet, DECNET, CERNET,
UUCP all above X.25
– X.400, X.500 above TCP/IP
– BITNET-2, DECNET above TCP/IP
• Allowed Possibility of single network
infrastructure with multiple families
– EARN, OSI, Internet/X.25
– BITNET, DECNET, X.400, X.500/TCP/IP
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Network Consolidation
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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US Network Consolidation
• DARPA kept remit only for its researchers
– Arpanet/SATNET de-commissioned in ’88
– DARTNET, Gigabit net, CAIRN etc replaced it
• NSF started NSFNET in ’86 to connect five
supercomputer centres at 64 Kbps
– Quickly widened to whole research community
– Moved to 1.5 Mbps in 88, with 45 Mbps later
– Set up regional nets in 88, kept foreign links
Stopped NSFnet in 1995
• ESNET, NASA moved to IP nets in ‘86-’90
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US Network Linking
• 88-90 Set up Federal Interchanges under
FNC and FRICC
– Somewhat limited facilities in interchange
– Allowed sharing of international connections
– Kept separate physical infrastructures
• Encouraged outsourcing of many services
– NSF first regional then backbone
– NASA eventually their NSN
– NSF/DARPA the whole Gigabit net and then
VBNS and finally Internet-2
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Early European IBM Activity
• In 84, EARN started as European BITNET
– By 1/95, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Spain and Switzerland
– Usually one international node, national nodes had to
be put in by institutions
– Encouraged EARN/X.25 to share lines
• Some countries, particularly UK, did not want
penetration; provided national gateways
• Was very important for HEP, because US labs
were on EARN and later EASINET
• By 88, EASINET initiative went to IBM
Supercomputers – was all TCP/IP
• In 92 became part of EBONE, merging also with
EUNET
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Early Links of European NRENs
• Most NRENs developed as X.25 ones with OSI
protocol suites
• From around 84, started having bilateral links
as needed
• Links were expensive and slow, moreover
European PTTs had international links
between X.25 packet data networks
• EC had started Framework Programme in ’84
– needed links between organisations
• EC commissioned PTTs to provide IXI in 87
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64 Kbps X.25 backbone in 18 countries
Free access to universities via NRENs
Access charges for commercial organisations
Lasted until 92, with changed prime
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Network Coordination - OSI
• All mission oriented groups had coordination
from beginning
• RARE started in 1986 as a discussion group for
NREN common problems
– 1st European Networkshop in 85, the run by RARE
– Ran Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnected
Networks in Europe for EC (COSINE)
– COSINE funded IXI, X.400, X.500, Security Pilots
– In 1990 had first joint workshop with EARN JENC
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Coordination of IP Activity
• Internet had coordination from 83
– IAB and ICB from 83
– IETF etc from 86, first non-US in 90 in Amsterdan
• Set up Reseaux IP (RIPE) in 89 for
administration and technical IP coordination
– Based in Amsterdam hence 1st IETF there
• By 93, European-wide networks to be procured
– Set up Trans-European Research and Education
Networking Association (TERENA) and Delivery of
Advanced Network Technology in Europe (DANTE)
– Both owned by NRENs
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Mission European – US Links
• DARPA’s SATNET links had impact only for UK
Internet – JANET CB service
• ESNET connected to CERN and Garching via EARN,
and DECNET to CERN X.25
• NASA ran SPAN and later NSN to its researchers in
several countries
• NSF went from NSFNET to INRIA, Karlruhe and later
Stockholm for NSFNET
• Later all went to MAE-EAST ot MAE-WEST
– Costs were borne by lead Federal Agency, but access
proficed to all the federal nets
– Most ran TCP/IP, bringing them into the European systems
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EC co-funded EUROPANET
• Already mentioned IXI, by 90 inadequate
• Both because of US links and LANs, many countries
wanted some TCP/IP
• By 92, PTTs were competing, and did not want to
repeat IXI at higher B/w
• Some NRENs wanted X.25, some DECNET, some
TCP/IP
– In 92 European Multi-Protocol Backbone (EPMB) formed at
2 Mbps (X.25, IP, DECNET) – later became Europanet
– Included many countries
– Links to be 2 Mbps
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EBONE Set Up
• Some NRENs did not like EMPB, and
wanted Pure IP
• This group agreed to set up EBONE
– Main nodes London, Montpellier, CERN,
Amsterdam and Stockholm
– Ireland, Spain, Nordunet, EARN and
EUNET joined
– US links provided by IBM from EASINET
– Gateways to IXI and later EMPB in
Amsterdam
– Links 256-512 Kbps
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Later Nets
• By 1993, higher speed nets were needed,
and PTTs liked ATM
– RACE agreed to fund JAMES 2Mbps ATM
infrastructure – as a research pilot
• By 1994, the protocol war was won, only
IP survived. Future nets pure IP
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TEN-34 started in 96 – 34 Mbps
QUANTUM (TEN-155) in 98 – 155 Mbps
GEANT in 00 2.4 Gbpx
GEANT-2 in 03 10 Gbps
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EUROPANET
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TEN34 – November 1997
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QUANTUM – May 2001
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GEANT BB – Dec 2002
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NREN IPv6 traffic volume
9,
38
6.
5
9,
88
8.
3
12,000.0
10,000.0
IPv6 Transmitted To GEANT
IPv6 Received From GEANT
6,
51
4.
0
2,
80
3.
4
23
7.
5
63
9.
7
78
4.
9
2,000.0
1,
04
1.
7
1,
62
5.
4
2,
83
7.
4
4,000.0
4,
09
7.
8
3,
52
0.
4
4,
89
2.
4
6,000.0
87
.3
Total Traffic (Gbytes)
8,000.0
0.0
May-03
Jun-03
Jul-03
Aug-03
Sep-03
Oct-03
Nov-03
Dec-03
Jan-04
Feb-04
Mar-04
Apr-04
Month
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Growth of IPv6 Connections
• GÈANT v6 steady migration
– Core Configuration – February 2003
– Pilot service – June 2003
– IPv6 production service – October 2003
• 27 out of 31 NRNs connected
– 24 out of 27 are native connections
– 356 routes announced to them
• US Abilene, ESNET, CA-NET, Koren peers
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Contents
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
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Foreign Links
• US always different
– Up to mid-90s, bilateral agreements
– Now ordered by DANTE, amount varies, often
direct from QUANTUM/GEANT
• EARN had links to Israel, Turkey, Cyprus
– Remained as networks became European
• Long-time NREN links to, Canada, China,
Japan, Korea, African France etc
– Often Technical, sometimes political, e.g. G7
TEIN
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EC Programmes
• After break-up of Soviet Union, EC, NATO, Soros,
UNDP had special programmes. The EC ones
concentrate on connecting to European Nets
– From 91, EC-PHARE to Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Poland,
Roumania, Slovakia
– From 94, EC-PHARE/INSIGHT Albania, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Slovenia
– TEN-34 already all PHARE, Ebone, Europanet, Japan and
US
– EUMEDIS includes Mediterranean countries
– SEEREN treats the Balkan countries
– ALICE goes to South America
– TEIN-2 will include Southern Asia
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Other Programmes
• NATO Science for Peace Network Panel deals
with former East Europe, Russia and NIS
– 94-00 set up NRENs and connectivity to all above
– 96-02 VSAT system to HEP labs in Russia,
Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan co-funded
by DFN and DESY
– 02-05 SILK VSAT system to all NIS of Central
Asia and S. Caucasus (with additional funding
from EC, Cisco, DESY, Soros and others)
• AID, IREX, Soros, UNDP, World Bank all
have complementary development programs
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Contents
•
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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Advanced US Service Networks
• When Arpanet stopped, DARPA researchers needed
advanced services
– DARTNET, CAIRN etc did research on advanced services
like M/c and IPv6, but were available also to DARPA
researchers
– Gigabit Net was co-funded by NSF/DARPA (91-95); allowed
limited high-speed services with industrial co-funding.
• VBNS deliberately procured to private broader range
advanced services – beyond commercial
• Internet-2 put in for applications that need high speed
and advanced services – donated fibre and other
equipment
• STARTAP set up for international entry to Internet-2
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Advanced European Service Nets
• Some NRENs have development portion
– Surfnet has done it for a long time
– RENATER, DFN and UKERNA has had it for some time
– Has normally been a very limited resource
• GEANT and some NRENs have special links into
STARTAP
– However they seldom make special arrangements inside
their NRENs
• 6NET has been an exception for IPv6 piloting
– Has paved way for GEANT to be dual stack
– Need for separate network now less, still only M/c, QoS
• GEANT will make special arrangements for Grid
Computing
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Advanced Services
• New services, their use and their location
drive network needs and deployment
• Rise of web first widespread deployed
WAN service
– Required universal protocols
– Would have ended protocol war if not nearly
over in any case
– Has led to unparalleled needs because of
huge deployment and additions like image,
streaming and real-time services
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Advanced Services on Nets
• Adequate speed is necessary but not sufficient for
many advanced services –
– Videoconferencing has been supported by various EC and
National projects for 12 years
– Some variants require multicast
– Voice/IP is coming on rapidly, and could be carried on the
current networks
– Streaming services available, but usage still limited
• Better application support and QoS support still
needed
• Still tension between advanced and normal service
– 6NET spurred on GEANT; still no real peering
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Contents
•
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Background
The Status in 1984
The Protocol Wars
Network Consolidation
European Connectivity
Foreign Connectivity
Advanced Services
The Future
June 7, 2004
TNC2004 20 Years of European Academic Networking
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Optical Networks
• Emerging generation of optical networks raise
difficult technical challenges
• Offer immense possibilities for high speed
applications
• Allow wavelength partitioning of network to
provide true isolation
• With over-provisioning of international fibre,
some is being donated – e.g. Gloriad
• A new generation of world-wide optical
interconnects is now coming into being
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Emerging Global Optical Network
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Drivers to Further Growth
• Distance education, large-scale conferencing,
tele-consultation and grid could be huge
growth drivers
• International growth could exceed local and
national growth
• Natural differences in data collections not yet
utilised fully
• Person-person real-time services hardly used so
far
• Widespread use of mobile access techniques
– ADSL and 3D/4D cellular technology
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Constraints to Growth
• Inadequate application support
• Current base of charging and payment
– E.g. distance education and telemedicine
• Readiness to rely on remote computation
– Central computing has beeen limited use
• Lack of Distributed, easily usable, grid computing
• Service limitations from security considerations
• International Barriers
– Language problems in foreign growth, sometimes worse
– Intellectual Property Considerations
– Natinalistic concerns – growth, pride, censorship
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Conclusions
• The first decade brought large-scale
backbones up to low Mbps, resolved the
protocol wars, made remote communication
standard and gave web access
– Advanced islands had real-time services, gigabit
communications,
• The second decade brought backbones to low
Gbps, remote access to Mbps, real-time
communications readily available
– Many remoter regions had the facilities of the
previous decade in more advanced regions
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Conclusions
• The move of GEANT to IPv6 only fifteen months
after 6NETshowed academic BBs could move faster
than earlier
– Even that example shows that the move to advanced
services still a tension
• The next decade has technical capabilities almost in
place to remove constraints of distance in academia
– But major organisational, political and financial changes
still needed to realise the full potential
• Academic networks still have a role in advanced
service experimentation and provision
– Internet-2, WIDE and GEANT show this need well
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• The keynote for TNC2014 will be
very different
• Electronic diffusion to the whole
academic community should be a
matter of course
• But we can expect TNC 2014 to
still be needed
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