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Transcript 
Introduction to
internetworking
Part Two
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
Internet Protocol Suite
• IP and OSI/RM
• Internet Protocol
IP Packet
Type of Service
Address Resolution Protocol
• User Datagram Protocol
• Transmission Control Protocol
• IP addressing
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP and OSI/RM
6
Presentation
5
Session
23
4
Transport
tftp
Application
telnet
7
21
TCP
25 69
UDP
6
3
Network
2
Data Link
1
Physical
04/04/2000
17
IP
IP = Internet Protocol
UDP = User Datagram Protocol
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Packet
0
4
VERS
8
HLEN
16
SERVICE TYPE
24
31
TOTAL LENGTH
FLAGS
IDENTIFICATION
TIME TO LIVE
19
PROTOCOL
FRAGMENT OFFSET
HEADER CHECKSUM
SOURCE IP ADDRESS
DESTINATION IP ADDRESS
IP OPTIONS (if any)
DATA
...
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
PADDING
IP Type of Service Field
Precedence
Delay
Througput
000 routine
0= normal 0= normal
001 priority
1= low
1= high
010 intermediate
011 flash
100 flash override
101 critical
110 internetwork control
111 network control
04/04/2000
Relialbility
0= normal
1= high
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
Cost
0= normal
1= high
MBZ
0= normal
1= low
Address Resolution Protocol (1)
10.16.69.56
mac: 12345
I want to connect to 10.16.69.205
what is the MAC address of 10.16.69.205?
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
10.16.69.205
MAC: abcde
Address Resolution Protocol (2)
10.16.69.56
mac: 12345
I am 10.16.69.205
my MAC address is abcde
10.16.69.205
MAC: abcde
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
UDP Datagram
Source
Destination
Port
Port
16
16
Length
Checksum
16
UDP uses no sequence or acknowledgment fields
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
Data
TCP Segment
0
4
10
16
SOURCE PORT
24
31
DESTINATION PORT
SEQUENCE NUMBER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER
HLEN
reserved
WINDOW
CODE BITS
CHECKSUM
URGENT POINTER
OPTIONS (if any)
PADDING
DATA
...
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
TCP Three Way Handshake (1)
Host A
1
Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
Host B
TCP Three Way Handshake (2)
Host A
1
Host B
Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
SYN received
04/04/2000
2
Send SYN
(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
TCP Three Way Handshake (3)
Host A
Host B
1 Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
SYN received
Send SYN
2
(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)
3 Send ACK
(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)
ACK received
connection is established
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Addressing
• 32 bits represented in 4 decimal numbers, each
representing 8 bits
• host part
• network part
• A, B, C, D, E class network numbers
• two types of broadcast:
 directed broadcast
 local network broadcast
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network part
Class A :
Class B :
Class C :
Host part
Network-part = 8 bits, Host-Part = 24 bits
Network-part = 16 bits, Host-Part = 16 bits
Network-part = 24 bits, Host-part = 8 bits
Class D : multicast
Class E : experimental
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Local Broadcast
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
Broadcast to
255.255.255.255
Not
forwarded
by router
172.16.5.0/24
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Directed Broadcast
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.3.0/24
Broadcast to
172.16. 4.255
forwarded
by router
172.16.5.0/24
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Subnetting
• Classless interdomain Routing (CIDR)
 route is known as address and mask
 supernetting and subnetting
• Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
RFC1009
 classfull networks can be split into multiple
networks with larger subnet masks
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
IP Subnetting
Class B Subnetting
# Bits
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
04/04/2000
Subnet Mask
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
# Subnets
2
6
14
30
62
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16382
# Hosts
16382
8190
4094
2046
1022
510
254
126
62
30
14
6
2
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
Internet Control Message Protocol
• Required on every IP stack
• provides feedback about problems
 time to live counter expires
 congestion
 failures
 destination not reachable
• direct into IP
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
Internet Control Message Protocol
• Messages:
 Echo request/reply
 Destination Unreachable
 Source quench
 Redirect
 Time Exceeded
 parameter problem
 timestamp request/reply
 information request/reply
 address mask request/reply
04/04/2000
© Introduction to Internetworking – Alex Kooijman
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