Download The Aftermath of Conquest

UNIT 2 PP 2
ROMAN EXPANSION
AND THE ROAD TO
EMPIRE
CHAPTER 5 SECTION 2
ROMAN EXPANSION
• Rome and
Carthage
• What and
where is
Carthage?
• The problem
THE 1ST PUNIC WAR (264-261BC)
• Mostly a naval conflict brought about by the
Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian garrison from
Sicily
• Results
• Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack each others
allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 years)
• Rome gains its first territory off the Italian peninsula
• Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia
HANNIBAL AND THE 2ND PUNIC WAR
• Father Hamlicar raised him in the army
• At 26 he assumes command
• Brought about by the Punic Empire in Spain
• Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman ally causing
Rome to declare war
• 218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 50K men
37 elephants (2.5 months)
• Lost 18K and a third of his elephants
• Will need to recruit in Italy
BATTLES OF THE SECOND PUNIC
WAR (218-202 BC)
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•
Trebia River (30,000 lost)
Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000)
Battle of Cannae: (70,000)
Publius Cornelius Scipio
• 204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the
Punic Empire in Spain
• 202 BC Battle of Zama (Hannibal’s mercenaries
deserted)
• Carthage was made a dependent ally of Rome
THE 3RD PUNIC WAR 146 BC
• Rome decided to eliminate Carthage once and
for all (Cato the Elder)
• They were once again economically successful and a
threat
• They violated the terms of their treaty by crossing a
Roman imposed frontier?
• After a three year siege they completely wipe out
Carthage in 146 BC
• 133 BC Rome controls the Mediterranean
• Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain
HANNIBAL AND SCIPIO
POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES OF EXPANSION
• Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers
to abandon or sell their land (economic
problem?)
• Too many new slaves (Ironic problem?)
• New foreign grain prices are lower?
• Division between rich and poor became more
sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly
acquired land into Latifundia
• Less male landowning citizens
• VAST new territories (problem?)
THE DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC
• Mass of unemployed landless men allowed for the
rise of ambitious men
• No trust in Senate to resolve the issues
• Romans were no longer dedicated to civic duty,
hard work and simplicity
• Now Rome was guided by corruption, greed and
personal gain
THE GRACCHUS BROTHERS: THE
REPUBLIC’S LAST HOPE
• Plebian brothers who
became Tribunes and
attempted reform in
the late republic
• Socialism?
• Fixed grain price
• Redistribute land
• They were both
murdered by the
Senate because they
were a threat
THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
• Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
• Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius)
• Was only 28 when he was given command of an army
in Spain (77 BC)
• Marcus Licinius Crassus
• An ambitious Senator who gained power and fame by
defeating the slave army of Spartacus in 73 BC
• 70 BC both of these men demanded special
honor and election to Consulship
• Opened the floodgates for attacks on the power of the
Senate
THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
• Gaius Julius Caesar
• Noble birth (Venus?)
• Allied with Crassus in the 60’s
BC to gain military commands
(Governor of Spain)
• Upon his return he strikes up
the First Triumvirate with
Pompey and Crassus
• Elected Consul in 59 BC and
then moves on to rule Gaul for
5 years
• Winds up conquering into
Germany and Great Britain
THE RISE JULIUS CAESAR
• By 50 BC JC had 13 legions
• After the death of Crassus in 53 BC Pompey
(now sole Consul) began working against JC
in Rome
• The Senate cut short his appointment and
asked him to return to Rome without his
armies
• When he crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC
he began a civil war against Pompey’s army
• By 45 BC he is victorious and ruled Rome as
dictator
THE REFORMS OF JULIUS CAESAR
• Julian Calendar
• Relocated 80,000 poor, cancelled loan
payments for a year, Public works to create jobs,
land to the poor and to veterans
• Reorganized local government
• Increased Senate to 900 (plebs, gauls etc)
• Extended citizenship off the peninsula
• All power was his (consul, tribune, priest, military,
the courts)
THE DEATH OF JULIUS CAESAR
• March 15, 44 BC JC was assassinated by the
Senate (Cassius and Brutus)
• They had no real plan and all they
created was 13 years of civil war that will
lead the end of the Republic
• They were jealous of Caesar and guarding
the traditional powers of the Senate
• Antony and rabble rousing (stop at 5
minutes)
….Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral …He was my friend,
faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And
Brutus is an honourable man….He hath brought many captives
home to Rome, Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: Did
this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried,
Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet
Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable
man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a
kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet
Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable
man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
But here I am to speak what I do know. You all did love him once,
not without cause: What cause withholds you then to mourn for
him? O judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have
lost their reason….
THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
• Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus
• Goal: To avenge the death of Caesar
•
•
•
•
•
They are eventually victorious in Macedonia
No real plan either split the Rome 3 ways
Lepidus (Africa)
Antony (East)
Octavian (West)
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA
• Antony married
Cleopatra in 37 BC
(divorced Octavia)
• Antony and
Cleopatra are
defeated at the
Battle of Actium in
31 BC
• Octavian: now
controls Rome as
Emperor Augustus
(the first Emperor of
the Roman Empire)
(OCTAVIAN) AUGUSTUS 31BC14AD
• 27BC receives the title of
Augustus, Princeps,
imperator
• From this point on he is
considered emperor
• Begins the Pax Romana
31BC-180AD
THE REFORMS OF AUGUSTUS
• Kept the Republican constitution (relationship
with the Senate? Dignitas?)
• Thought of himself as first citizen of the Republic
• Revived Roman morality (Fides, Pietas, Gravitas)
• Police and Fire departments
• Public Works
• Postal service, local government given more
authority
• Strong control and reorganization of the army
• Praetorian Guard created
• Census for entire empire
TIBERIUS 14-37 AD
• Married to Augustus's
daughter Julia
• Came to power when
Augustus’s two
grandsons Gaius and
Lucius died early
GAIUS (CALIGULA) OR “BOOTSIE”
37-41AD
• Grandson of Augustus
• Only surviving son of
Germanicus
• Tiberius killed or exiled
his entire family
• Co-Emperor with
Gemellus (until he
killed him)
CALIGULA’S WEIRDNESS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why?
Living god?
Incest with Drusila
Statues
Horse as a Consul/Senator?
Killed by his own guard
CLAUDIUS 41-54AD
•
•
•
•
Brother of Germanicus
Never supposed to rule (problems)
Raised to the throne by the Praetorians
Accomplishments
• Conquered and occupied Great Britain
• 2 children and one stepson (Nero)
• Poisoned by his wife Agrippina (Nero’s Mom)
NERO (54-68AD)
• Emperor at 16
• Murder (who)
• The arts
• Final words!
• Fire/Christians
• The End of Nero
THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY
(THE MILITARY EMPERORS)
• After Nero 4 Emperors in one year (68-69AD) before
the Flavians take over
• Vespasian (69-81AD)
• Designed the coliseum
• Successful general
• Titus
• Completed construction of the (“Flavian Amphitheater”)
THE GOOD EMPERORS
• The Adoptive system more widely used
• Trajan (98-117AD)
• Spanish, expands empire to its greatest extent
• Hadrian (117-138AD)
• Codified Roman law (same for all provinces)
• Defensive wall in G.B. 73 miles long
• Marcus Aurelius (161-180AD)
• Last of the good emperors (“Philosopher King”)
• Spent most of his time fighting Germans
• His son Commodus begins the decline of the empire