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Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.
Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Vertebral
column
Sacrum
Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
(a) Anterior view
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Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.
Cranium
Clavicle
Scapula
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Bones of
pelvic girdle
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
(b) Posterior view
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Bones of
pectoral
girdle
Upper
limb
Lower
limb
Figure 7.2a The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Figure 7.2b The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Anterior cranial
fossa
Middle cranial
fossa
Posterior cranial
fossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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Figure 7.2c The skull: cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Temporal lobe
of cerebrum
Frontal lobe
of cerebrum
Cerebellum
Posterior
Cranial
fossae
Middle
Anterior
(c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained
brain regions
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Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.
Cranial cavity
Frontal
bone
Paranasal
sinuses
Frontal
sinus
Orbit
Orbit
Zygomatic
bone
Ethmoid
sinuses
Ethmoid
bone
Maxillary
sinus
Inferior
nasal
concha
Nasal
cavity
Oral
cavity
Maxilla
Vomer
Mandible
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Figure 7.4a Lateral aspect of the skull.
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid suture
Lacrimal fossa
Coronal suture
Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic process
Occipitomastoid suture
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Alveolar
margins
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
(a) External anatomy of the
right side of the skull
Mandibular angle
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Coronoid
process
Figure 7.4b Lateral aspect of the skull.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Squamous suture
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Zygomatic
bone
Coronoid
process
Maxilla
Zygomatic process
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
External occipital
protuberance
Occipitomastoid
suture
Alveolar
margins
Mandible
Mental foramen
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Mandibular
condyle
Styloid
process
(b) Photograph of right side of skull
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Mandibular
notch
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Figure 7.5 Posterior view of the skull.
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Sutural bone
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital
protuberance
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital crest
Occipital
condyle
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Occipitomastoid
suture
Figure 7.6a Anterior view of the skull.
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Mental
protuberance
(a) Anterior view of skull
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Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular plate bone
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Figure 7.6b Anterior view of the skull.
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Mastoid process
of temporal bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mental protuberance
(b) Photo of anterior view of skull
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Squamous part
of frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal
suture
Supraorbital
notch
Supraorbital
margin
Nasal bone
Superior orbital
fissure
Inferior orbital
fissure
Vomer bone
Mandible
Mental foramen
Figure 7.7a Inferior aspect of the skull.
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Vomer
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Basilar part of
the occipital bone
Occipital bone
Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Pterygoid process
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Foramen magnum
Figure 7.7b Inferior aspect of the skull.
Hard palate
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Mandibular
fossa
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Mastoid
process
Styloid process
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
(b) Photo of inferior view of the skull
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Superior nuchal
line
Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
External acoustic
meatus
Squamous
region
Mastoid
region
Zygomatic
process
Mastoid process
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Tympanic
region
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Figure 7.9a Floor of the cranial cavity.
Ethmoid Crista galli
Cribriform plate
bone
Anterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Optic canal
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Olfactory foramina
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Posterior
cranial fossa
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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View
Figure 7.9b Floor of the cranial cavity.
Ethmoid
bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Anterior cranial fossa
Sphenoid
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Jugular foramen
Posterior
cranial fossa
View
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
(b) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.10a The sphenoid bone.
Optic
canal
Greater
wing
Sella
turcica
Lesser wing
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Body of sphenoid
(a) Superior view, as in Figure 7.9
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Figure 7.10b The sphenoid bone.
Body of sphenoid
Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Greater
wing
Pterygoid
process
(b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.11a Midsagittal section through the skull.
Parietal bone
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Greater
wing
Sphenoid
Lesser bone
wing
Frontal sinus
Squamous
suture
Temporal
bone
Crista galli
Nasal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular plate)
Vomer
Incisive canal
Maxilla
Alveolar margins
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital
bone
Occipitomastoid
suture
External
occipital
protuberance
Internal acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica of
sphenoid bone
Pterygoid
process of
sphenoid bone
Mandibular
foramen
Palatine bone
(a) Medial view of the left half of skull
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Mandible
Palatine process of maxilla
Figure 7.11b Midsagittal section through the skull.
Greater wing
of sphenoid
bone
Lesser wing
of sphenoid
bone
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Petrous part
of temporal
bone
External
occipital
protuberance
Internal acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica and
sphenoid sinus
(b) Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (a)
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Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular
plate)
Palatine bone
Figure 7.12 The ethmoid bone.
Crista galli
Olfactory
foramina
Orbital
plate
Cribriform
plate
Left
lateral
mass
Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular
plate
Middle
nasal concha
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Figure 7.13a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Temporomandibular
joint
Mandibular notch
Mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Coronoid
process
Mandibular
condyle
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar
margin
Mental
foramen
Ramus
of
mandible
Mandibular
angle
Body of mandible
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
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Figure 7.13b–c Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Articulates with
frontal bone
Frontal process
Orbital surface
Zygomatic
process
(cut)
Infraorbital
foramen
Anterior nasal
spine
Alveolar
margin
(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
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(c) Maxilla, photo of right
lateral view
Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity.
Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Superior
nasal concha
Middle
nasal concha
Ethmoid
bone
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal bone
Anterior nasal spine
Sphenoid
bone
Maxillary bone
(palatine process)
Sphenoid
sinus
Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone
(perpendicular
plate)
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)
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Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity.
Ethmoid
bone
Crista galli
Cribriform
plate
Sella turcica
Sphenoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Nasal bone
Perpendicular
plate of
ethmoid bone
Septal
cartilage
Palatine bone
Hard
Palatine process
palate of maxilla
Vomer
Alveolar margin
of maxilla
(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the
ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
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Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
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Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(b) Medial aspect
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Figure 7.16a Bones that form the orbit.
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Figure 7.16b Bones that form the orbit.
Roof of orbit
Supraorbital notch
Superior
orbital fissure
Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
Orbital plate of
frontal bone
Lateral wall of orbit
Medial wall
Sphenoid body
Orbital plate
of ethmoid bone
Frontal process
of maxilla
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic process
of frontal bone
Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
Orbital surface of
zygomatic bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Infraorbital groove
Zygomatic bone
(b) Contribution of each of the seven
bones forming the right orbit
Optic canal
Floor of orbit
Infraorbital foramen
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Orbital process of
palatine bone
Orbital surface of
maxillary bone
Zygomatic bone
Figure 7.17 The hyoid bone.
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
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Figure 7.18 The vertebral column.
C1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
L1
2
3
4
5
Anterior view
Cervical curvature
(concave)
7 vertebrae, C1 – C7
Spinous
process
Transverse
processes
Thoracic
curvature
(convex)
12 vertebrae,
T1 – T12
Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral
foramen
Lumbar
curvature
(concave)
5 vertebrae, L1 – L5
Sacral
curvature
(convex) 5 fused
vertebrae sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
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Right lateral view
Figure 7.19a Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Supraspinous ligament
Transverse process
Intervertebral
disc
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Sectioned
spinous process
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous
ligament
Inferior articular process
Intervertebral foramen
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Sectioned body
of vertebra
(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition
of the discs and the ligaments
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Figure 7.19b Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Anterior longitudinal
ligament
Body of a vertebra
Intervertebral disc
(b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column
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Figure 7.19c Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Vertebral spinous process
(posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve root
Transverse
process
Herniated portion
of disc
Anulus fibrosus
of disc
Nucleus
pulposus
of disc
(c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc
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Figure 7.19d Ligaments and intervertebral discs of the spine.
Nucleus pulposus
of intact disc
Herniated nucleus
pulposus
(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal
section showing normal and herniated discs
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Figure 7.20 Structure of a typical vertebra.
Posterior
Lamina
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Vertebral
arch
Superior
articular
process
and
facet
Pedicle
Vertebral
foramen
Body
(centrum)
Anterior
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Figure 7.21 The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C1
Posterior
Posterior
arch
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Lateral
masses
Transverse
foramen
Superior articular
facet
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle
(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
C2
Transverse
process
Transverse
process
Dens
(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Posterior tubercle
Lateral
masses
Transverse foramen
Facet for dens
(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Posterior
Inferior
articular
process
Posterior
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Superior articular
facet
Body
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Inferior
articular
facet
Anterior
arch
Anterior tubercle
Figure 7.21a The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C1
Posterior
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Lateral
masses
Transverse
foramen
Superior articular
facet
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle
(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
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Figure 7.21b The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C1
Posterior
arch
Transverse
process
Posterior
Posterior tubercle
Lateral
masses
Transverse foramen
Facet for dens
(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
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Inferior
articular
facet
Anterior
arch
Anterior tubercle
Figure 7.21c The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C2
Posterior
Inferior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Dens
(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
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Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Superior
articular
facet
Body
Figure 7.22a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Dens of axis
Transverse ligament
of atlas
C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)
C3
Inferior articular
process
Bifid spinous
process
Transverse processes
C7 (vertebra
prominens)
(a) Cervical vertebrae
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Figure 7.22b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Transverse
process
Superior articular
process
Transverse
costal facet
(for tubercle
of rib)
Intervertebral
disc
Body
Spinous
process
Inferior costal
facet (for head
of rib)
Inferior articular
process
(b) Thoracic vertebrae
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Figure 7.22c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Body
Intervertebral
disc
Inferior
articular
process
Spinous
process
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
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Figure 7.23 The sacrum and coccyx.
Body
Sacral promontory
Ala
Sacral
canal
Body of
first
sacral
vertebra
Facet of superior
articular process
Auricular
surface
Transverse
ridges (sites
of vertebral
fusion)
Apex
Median
sacral
crest
Anterior
Posterior
sacral
sacral
foramina
foramina
Coccyx
(a) Anterior view
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Coccyx
(b) Posterior view
Lateral
sacral
crest
Sacral
hiatus
Figure 7.23a The sacrum and coccyx.
Sacral promontory
Ala
Body of
first
sacral
vertebra
Transverse
ridges (sites
of vertebral
fusion)
Apex
Anterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.23b The sacrum and coccyx.
Ala
Sacral
canal
Body
Facet of superior
articular process
Auricular
surface
Median
sacral
crest
Posterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
(b) Posterior view
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Lateral
sacral
crest
Sacral
hiatus
Figure 7.24a The thoracic cage.
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphisternal
joint
Xiphoid
process
True
ribs
(1–7
False
ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal
spaces
L1
Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12)
(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
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Costal cartilage
Costal margin
Sternum
Figure 7.24b The thoracic cage.
T2
Jugular notch
T3
T4
Sternal angle
Heart
T9
Xiphisternal
joint
(b) Midsagittal section through the thorax, showing
the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks
of the thorax to the vertebral column
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Figure 7.25a Ribs.
Shaft
Facets for articulation
with vertebrae
Junction with
costal cartilage
Head Neck
Costal groove
(a) A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view
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Articular facet
on tubercle
Costal angle
Figure 7.25b Ribs.
Transverse costal facet
(for tubercle of rib)
Angle
of rib
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Body of vertebra
Head of rib
Intervertebral disc
Neck of rib
Tubercle of rib
Shaft
Crosssection
of rib
Costal groove
Sternum
Costal cartilage
(b) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib
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Figure 7.25c Ribs.
Articular facet
on tubercle of rib
Spinous process
Shaft
Ligaments
Neck of rib
Head of rib
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Transverse
costal facet
(for tubercle
of rib)
Body of
thoracic
vertebra
(c) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a
thoracic vertebra
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Figure 7.26 Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.26a Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.26b Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.26c Cleft palate.
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Figure 7.27 Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.27a Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.27b Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.27c Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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Figure 7.28 Skull of a newborn.
Frontal suture
Frontal bone
Ossification
center
Posterior fontanelle
(a) Superior view
Anterior
fontanelle
Parietal bone
Occipital
bone
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Ossification
center
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Temporal bone
(squamous portion)
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
Occipital bone
(b) Lateral view
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Figure 7.28a Skull of a newborn.
Frontal suture
Frontal bone
Ossification
center
Posterior fontanelle
(a) Superior view
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Anterior
fontanelle
Parietal bone
Occipital
bone
Figure 7.28b Skull of a newborn.
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Ossification
center
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Temporal bone
(squamous
portion)
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
Occipital bone
(b) Lateral view
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (1 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (2 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (3 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (4 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (5 of 6)
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Table 7.1 Bones of the Skull (6 of 6)
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Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (3 of 3)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.