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CHAPTER 11 Obtaining a Medical History and Vital Signs Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 1. Define the following terms: a. b. c. d. e. f. Auscultation Baseline vital signs Blood pressure Capillary refill Chief complaint Cyanotic (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 1. Define the following terms: g. h. i. j. k. l. Diaphoretic Diastolic Medical history Mental status OPQRST Palpation (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 1. Define the following terms: m. Pulse n. Respiration o. SAMPLE history tool p. Sign q. Stethoscope r. Symptom (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 1. Define the following terms: s. t. u. v. Systolic Trending Vital signs Work of breathing (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 2. Explain the importance of a thorough medical history. 3. Differentiate between a sign and a symptom. 4. Describe the components of the SAMPLE history tool. 5. Describe the components of the OPQRST assessment tool. 6. Explain the role that monitoring vital signs plays in the overall assessment and care of the patient. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 7. State the characteristics that are obtained and measured when assessing respirations, pulse, blood pressure, skin signs, and pupils. 8. Describe the methods used to assess each of the five vital signs. 9. Differentiate the techniques used to assess a pulse in an infant, child, and adult patient. 10.Differentiate normal and abnormal vital sign values for the infant, child, and adult patient. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives 11.Demonstrate the ability to properly obtain and accurately trend and document vital signs. 12.Demonstrate a caring and compassionate attitude with classmates and simulated patient. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topics • Obtaining a Medical History • Vital Signs Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. OBTAINING A MEDICAL HISTORY Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Medical history: previous medical conditions and events for patient. • Signs: something you can see and observe about patient. – Can be pale skin; rapid pulse; open wound to chest. – All are obvious. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Get down at eye level with your patient and make good eye contact as you begin your medical history. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Symptom: something patient feels; may complain about. – Can be obvious or very subtle. – Pain, nausea common symptoms. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Signs and Symptoms Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Interviewing Your Patient – An alert patient is the best source of information. – Chief complaint: main medical complaint described by patient. – Family members, bystanders, first responders should all be questioned. – ALOC- altered level of consciousness – LOC- level of consciousness (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Interviewing Your Patient: – Ask questions slowly and clearly. – Allow time for patient to process and respond. – Listen carefully. – Document important details. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Interviewing Your Patient – Establish a good rapport Introduction Consent Patient's name Patient's age Chief complaint (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Interviewing Your Patient – SAMPLE history tool: S — Signs/symptoms A — Allergies M — Medications P — Past pertinent medical history L — Last oral intake E — Events leading to the illness or injury (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Interviewing Your Patient – OPQRST: most commonly used for assessment of pain or discomfort. O — Onset P — Provocation/Palliate Q — Quality R — Region/Radiate S — Severity T — Time Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a Medical History • Additional Sources of Information – Family members, bystanders, first responders; patient unresponsive or unable to provide medical history. – Medical identification jewelry. – Vial of life- sticker on the window Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Consider using bystanders or family members when your patient is unresponsive or unable to provide a medical history on his own. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Think About It • You become suddenly ill and a medical provider begins asking you personal medical history questions. What would make you more likely to be honest and forthright with answers? • How could you apply this answer to your own assessment practices? Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Think About It • How would you handle questions such as: – Have you been drinking? – Have you taken any drugs that are not prescribed for you? – Is there a chance you could be pregnant? Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. VITAL SIGNS Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs Respirations Pulse Blood pressure Skin signs Pupils- PEARL Perfusion: adequate supply of welloxygenated blood to all parts of body • Every 15 minutes non-critical Pt • Every 5 minutes critical Pt • • • • • • Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Mental status (Level Of Consciousness [LOC]) or level of responsiveness evaluated using AVPU scale. – – – – A — Alert V — Verbal, responsive to verbal stimuli P — Pain, responsive only to painful stimuli U — Unresponsive, unconscious Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Baseline vital signs: first set of vital signs obtained. • Trending: comparing multiple sets of vital signs from same patient over time. • Careful analysis of vital signs can alert you to current or developing problems. • Do not rush to a conclusion too soon. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Respiration – Act or process of breathing in (inhaling) and out (exhaling). • Evaluate – Rate, depth, sound, ease. • Work of breathing – Effort that patient must exert to breathe. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assessment Signs—Respirations Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • To assess respirations: – Grasp patient's wrist as if you were going to count pulse rate. Hold his arm firmly against his upper abdomen. – Observe abdomen and chest move in and out. Listen for abnormal sounds. – Count number of breaths patient takes in 15 or 30 seconds. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • To assess respirations: – While counting respirations, note depth and ease of breathing. – Document rate, depth, ease. – Deep, shallow, normal, labored Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Normal Respiration Rates Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Emergency Medical Responder assessing respirations on a supine patient. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EMT assessing respirations on a seated patient. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Pulse: remote heartbeat. – Gives insight into circulatory status of patient. – Good pulse indicates blood is moving well throughout body. – Carotid; femoral: central pulses. – Brachial; radial; pedal: peripheral pulses. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Locating the carotid pulse point in the neck. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Locating the radial pulse point in the wrist. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Pulse – Assess for rate, rhythm, strength. • Responsive patient – Check radial pulse. • Unresponsive patient – Check carotid pulse. • Radial pulse may not be detectable if blood pressure is too low or if there is extremity injury. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Pulse rate for adults is between 60 and 100 beats per minute (see Table 11.4). – Rate above 100 considered rapid (tachycardia) – Rate below 60 considered slow (bradycardia) • Pulse point for infants under the age of one year is brachial pulse in upper arm. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Capillary refill: time it takes for capillaries to refill after being blanched. – Select appropriate finger or toe. – Using thumb and index finger, squeeze pad of finger or toe from both sides. Observe pad as it blanches. – Quickly release pressure; observe color return to pad; document findings. – Good perfusion < 2 seconds – Poor perfusion > 3 seconds Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Checking capillary refill time in the fingers. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Blood pressure: measurement of pressure of blood against walls of arteries, both when heart beats and when it is at rest. – Systolic: pressure within arteries when heart beats; contraction phase of heart. – Diastolic: pressure that remains in arteries when heart is at rest; resting phase of heart. – Systolic/Diastolic (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Reading of 120/80 considered normal blood pressure for adults. • Take several readings to identify changes in status. • Systolic reading above 140 considered high blood pressure hypertension(HTN). • Systolic reading below 90 considered low blood pressure hypotension. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Normal Blood Pressures Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Palpation: using one's hands to touch or feel the body. • Auscultation: listening to internal sounds of the body (stethoscope). – – – – Adjust earpieces. Have patient sit or lie down. Remove clothing on arm. Support arm at level of heart. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adjust the earpieces of the stethoscope so they point forward into the ear canal. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Proper position for taking a blood pressure while seated. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obtaining a blood pressure on a supine patient. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Auscultation – – – – – – Select correct-size blood pressure cuff. Wrap cuff around upper arm. Apply cuff securely but not too tightly. Place ends of stethoscope in your ears. Use fingertips to locate brachial artery. Position diaphragm of stethoscope over brachial artery pulse site. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Location of the brachial artery. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Proper placement of the blood pressure cuff. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Auscultation – Close valve and inflate cuff (180 mmHg adult; 120 mmHg child). – Open valve slowly to release pressure from cuff. – Listen carefully as you watch needle move. – Let cuff continue to deflate. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Auscultation – Let rest of air out of cuff quickly. – Record time, arm used, position of person, pressure readings. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Place the cuff snugly around the upper arm. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Palpate the brachial pulse point and place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the pulse point. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Quickly inflate the cuff then release the pressure to obtain the blood pressure readings. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Document your readings. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Palpated BP – Not very accurate method. – One reading: approximate systolic pressure. – Used when too much noise, making it difficult to hear with stethoscope. (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Place the cuff and locate the radial pulse. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Inflate the cuff until you feel the radial pulse go away. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Continue inflating cuff to approximately 30 mmHg beyond where the pulse went away. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Release the pressure in the cuff and note the pressure on the gauge when the radial pulse returns. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Palpation – Place cuff and locate radial pulse. – Inflate cuff until you feel radial pulse go away. – Continue inflating cuff to 30 mmHg beyond where pulse went away. – Release pressure in cuff; note pressure on gauge when radial pulse returns. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Skin signs: evaluate color, temperature, and moisture. – Not perfused well: pale or cyanotic (bluish). – Receiving abnormal amount of blood flow: flushed (red). – Jaundiced (yellow). – Good perfusion – pink (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Skin signs – Examples of skin signs: Pink, warm, dry (PWD) Pale, cool, moist Flushed, hot, moist Flushed, hot, dry Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Skin Signs Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Use the back of an ungloved hand to assess skin temperature and moisture. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Evaluate skin color in dark-skinned patients: – – – – Oral mucosa Conjunctiva Nail beds Palms Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Pupils – Note general condition; identify any obvious injury or deformity. – Ensure both pupils are round and same size. – Respond to sudden introduction of light – Pupils constrict in the light; dilate in the dark – Light affects the pupil size (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Vital Signs • Pupils – PEARL stands for: P — Pupils E — Equal A — And R — Reactive L — Light – See Table 11.7: Pupils. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pupils Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Constricted pupils Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dilated pupils Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Unequal pupils Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Think About It • Could vital signs ever be considered unreliable? • What does “treat the patient; not the device” mean and why is this especially important to remember when working with automated or electronic vital sign equipment? Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson CopyrightBaudour, ©2012 EMT by Pearson Education, Inc. Limmer/Le Complete: A Basic Worktext © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Upper Saddle River, NJ rights reserved. SUMMARY Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary • Good patient assessment: gathering information (history) about patient and chief complaint and obtaining complete and accurate vital signs. • Properly introduce yourself and get patient's name right away. • Whenever possible, direct your questions to patient. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary • Speak clearly and confirm that patient hears, understands, and answers each question before asking another. • Utilize SAMPLE tool to help guide questions, and always document patient's answers. • Obtain set of vital signs to establish good baseline. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary • Repeat vital signs and compare to previous readings to establish trends in patient's condition. • Most vital signs have multiple characteristics; document characteristics for each vital sign. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. REVIEW QUESTIONS Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review Questions 1. Why is it important to obtain a thorough medical history? 2. What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? 3. What does SAMPLE represent? 4. What does OPQRST represent? 5. What role does monitoring vital signs play in the overall assessment and care of the patient? 6. What are the methods used to assess each of the five vital signs? (continued) Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review Questions 7. What vital information is obtained through assessing respirations, pulse, blood pressure, skin signs, and pupils? 8. How do the techniques used to assess a pulse in an infant, child, and adult patient differ? 9. How do normal and abnormal vital sign values differ for the infant, child, and adult patient? Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Practical Assessment • You will be given a class roster that contains each student's name and a column for each vital sign. • Obtain vital signs on three students. • Continue this activity at the beginning of every class until you have obtained vital signs from every other student in class. • Discuss challenges and results. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Please visit www.bradybooks.com and follow the Resource Central links to access content for this text. Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, Ninth Edition Emergency Care, Twelfth Edition Le •Baudour Bergeron • Wesley Daniel J. Limmer O’Keefe ••Grant • Murray • Bergeron • Dickinson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.