Download Chapter 15 - Pharmacology

Pharmacology
Chapter 15
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Introduction
• Pharmacology
• Drug
–
–
–
–
Side effect
Drug interaction
Addiction
Habit-forming
• Medicines
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©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Names
• Brand names
– Capitalized
– Registered trademarks ®
– Bayer
• Generic names
–
–
–
–
Not capitalized
Unprotected
Less expensive
Aspirin
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Prescriptions
• Parts of written prescription
– Heading
– Superscription
– Body
• Rx symbol
• Inscription
• Subscription
– Closing
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Reference Texts for
Pharmacology
• Council on Dental Therapeutics
• Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Latin Abbreviations and English
Definitions Used for Prescriptions
• a.a.
• t.i.d.
– Of each
– Three times a day
• a.c.
• q.i.d.
– Before meal
– Four times a day
• b.i.d.
– Twice a day
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Latin Abbreviations and English
Definitions Used for Prescriptions
• q.h.
• sig.
– Every hour
• q.4.h.
– Take
• p.c.
– Every four hours
• q.8.h.
– After meals
• p.r.n.
– Every eight hours
– When necessary or as
needed
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
Amoxicillin 500 mg; 1 cap t.i.d p.c. x 10 days
• What are the patient dosing instructions?
– Take one capsule three times a day after
meals for 10 days
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Laws
• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
• Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
• Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention
and Control (1970)
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Enforcement
• FDA
• Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
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Drug Schedule for Control Act of
1970
• Schedule I
– High potential for abuse
– No accepted medical use
• E.g., heroin
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Schedule for Control Act of
1970
• Schedule II
– High potential for abuse
– Accepted medical use
• E.g., morphine
• Schedule III
– Lower potential for abuse and medical use
• E.g., stimulants
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Schedule for Control Act of
1970
• Schedule IV
– Less potential for
abuse
– Accepted medical use
• E.g., antianxiety drugs
• Schedule V
– Least potential for
abuse
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• E.g., over-the-counter
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Dental Check
• Which drug schedule does Tylenol® with
codeine fall under?
– Schedule III
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Assistants and the Law
•
•
•
•
Maintain accurate records
Phone or e-mail prescriptions
Maintain controlled substances
Serve as liaison with pharmaceutical
representatives and pharmacist
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Administration Routes
•
•
•
•
•
Oral
Topical
Inhalation
Sublingual
Rectal
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Drug Administration Routes
•
•
•
•
•
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Transdermal
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Dental Check
• Which route of
administration is
shown in the picture?
– Transdermal
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Drugs
• Know signs and symptoms of individuals
under influence of drugs
• Have knowledge of prescribed and illegal
drugs and how drugs interact
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Analgesics
– Loss of pain without loss of sensation
– OTC drugs:
• E.g., ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen
– Prescription drugs
• E.g., codeine, morphine
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Analgesics
– Side effects:
•
•
•
•
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
Breathing difficulties
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Antibiotics
– Used to treat infection
– Derived from fungi and molds or
manufactured synthetically
– Broad-spectrum treat wide range of bacteria
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Antibiotics
– Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection
– Side effects:
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Allergic rash
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Penicillin
– First group of antibiotic drugs to be
discovered
– Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and
pneumonia
– Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine,
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Erythromycin
– Used by children and individuals allergic to
penicillin in place of Tetracycline
– Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection, and
ointment
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Erythromycin
– Side effects:
•
•
•
•
Stomach pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Anticholinergics
– Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to
surgery
– Treats abnormally slow heart rates in
emergencies
– Dilates eyes for exam
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Anticoagulants
– Prevents blood from clotting
– E.g., Heparin
– May lead to bleeding complications
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Anticonvulsants
– Suppresses seizure activity
– E.g., Dilantin
– Can cause gingival hyperplasia
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Antidiabetics
– Lower glucose levels in blood
• Antidepressant
– E.g., Prozac
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Antifungal agents
– Treat infections caused by fungi
– Available as tablets, suspension, creams,
injections, and suppositories
– Side effects:
• Skin irritation
• Liver and kidney damage
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Antihistamine
– Relieve allergy symptoms
• Anti-hypertensive
– Lower blood pressure
• Anti-inflammatory
– Reduce pain and inflammation
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Antilipidemic
– Lowers cholesterol
• Antithyroid
• Bronchodilator
– Opens airways
• Contraceptives
• Decongestants
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
•
•
•
•
•
Diuretic
Hemostatic
Hormone replacement
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
Nitrates
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drugs Prescribed
• Tranquilizers
– Produce sedative effect
– Reduce tensions and anxieties
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• Which class might be prescribed to a
patient to lower the patient’s blood
pressure?
– Anti-hypertensive
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Nicotine
• Uses:
• Effects:
– No useful purpose
– Could lead to heart
disease
– Promotes high risk of
oral and lung cancer
– Causes tooth staining,
periodontal diseases,
and halitosis
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Caffeine
• Uses:
• Effects:
– No useful purpose
– Causes heart to work
harder
– Affects nervous
system
– May cause or irritate
ulcers
– Too much may be fatal
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Alcohol
• Uses:
• Effects:
– No useful purpose
– Affects judgment and
coordination
– Slows reactions
– Causes cirrhosis
– Slows down body
processes
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Marijuana
• Uses:
• Effects:
– Derivative
– Cancer treatment to
decrease nausea and
regurgitation
– Increases heart rate
– Causes lung tissue
damage
– Causes reproductive
system disorders
– Deteriorates coordination
– Decreases ability to think
and speak clearly
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Cocaine
• Uses:
• Effects:
– Medical use has been
reduced because it
causes physical and
psychological
dependency
–
–
–
–
Heart problems
Mental disorders
Violent behavior
Death
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Narcotics
• Addictive depressants used to relieve pain
– Heroin
– Morphine
– Codeine
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Amphetamines
• Group of stimulant drugs (uppers)
– Increases heart and respiratory rates and
blood pressure
• Causes loss of appetite, nervousness, and
restlessness
• Medically treats narcolepsy and attention
deficit disorder (ADHD) in children
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hallucinogens
• Drugs that cause people to see and hear
images and sounds that do not exist
– Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
– Phencyclidine (PCP)
– Mescaline
– Psilocybin
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Barbiturates
• Sedative drugs that depress brain activity
– Amobarbital
– Pentobarbital
– Secobarbital
– Phenobarbital
• Given to dental patients with severe anxiety
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• Which illegal drug has become a big
problem in the U.S.?
– Methamphetamine
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Herbal and Alternative
Medications
• Consult dentist
• Caution patients
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.