Download File - Pharmacy Technician

The Pharmacy
Technician:
Chapter 1
History
Five Historical Periods
 Ancient
Era: The beginning of time to
1600 AD
 Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940
 Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970
 Patient Care Era: 1970 to present
 Biotechnology and genetic engineering:
The new horizon
2
The Ancient Era
 Leaves,
mud, and cool water were used to
stop bleeding and heal wounds
 Early man learned from watching injured
animals’ behaviors
3
Ancient Era
 Knowledge
of materials with healing
properties was passed down through the
tribes
 Medical information was documented on
clay tablets around 2600 BC
4
The Beginnings of Pharmacy
 The
Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500
BC, contained formulas for more than 800
remedies
 Each tribe had a designated person who
was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist,
and physician all in one
5
The Beginnings of Pharmacy
 The
earliest known record of the practice
of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia
around 2600 BC.
 Herbs were the predominant form of
curatives
6
The Greeks
 Hippocrates,
the “father of medicine,”
liberated medicine from the belief that
disease was caused by spiritual reasons
 Theophrastus, the “father of botany,”
classified plants by their various parts
7
The Greeks
 Mithridates
studied the adverse effects of
plants and later became known as the
“father of toxicology”
8
The Romans
 The
Romans organized medical and
pharmaceutical knowledge and converted
theories into scientific rules
 The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were
responsible for preparing their own
prescriptions
9
The Romans
 The
Romans initiated the first job titles of
various pharmacy-related personnel
10
Other Pioneers
 Dioscorides
began the transition of the
Greek system of knowledge into the
Roman system of science; he is known as
the “father of pharmacology”
11
Other Pioneers
 Galen,
a Greek physician, wrote “On the
Art of Healing,” and was very critical of
physicians who did not prepare their own
remedies
 Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of
pharmacy and medicine, practiced both
disciplines around 300 AD
12
Roman Pharmacy Titles
— makers of remedies
 Pharmacotritae — drug grinders
 Unguentarii — makers of ointments
 Pigmentarii –— makers of cosmetics
 Pharmacopolae — sellers of drugs
 Aromatarii — dealers in spices
 Pharmacopeia
13
The Arabian Influence
— continuation of
documentation of drug information
 Dosage forms — syrups, conserves,
confections, and juleps
 Formularies
14
The Arabian Influence
shops — first appeared in
Baghdad around 762 AD, and were
privately owned
 Hospital pharmacies followed in
Marrakech around 1190 AD
 Pharmacy
15
The Italian Influence
 Europe’s
first university was established in
Salerno, and was responsible for major
contributions to pharmacy and medicine
 The Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating
pharmacy from medicine, was issued by
Emperor Frederick II
 Guilds of pharmacists were established
16
New Ideas
 A Swiss
physician, Paracelsus,
contradicted the Galenic theories of
botanical orientation to medicine with his
own theories based on chemicals
17
New Ideas
 Monasteries
became host to their own
pharmacies
 Germany became the first to
governmentally regulate its pharmacies
18
The Influence of Royalty
 Pharmacists
who worked for royal families
provided specialized services, and were
known as apothecaries
 New medicinal herbal substances, plants,
trees, and seeds began to be used
 Better documentation of this new
knowledge began to occur
19
The Renaissance
 Pharmacy
became separated from
medicine
 Pharmacy regulation began
 University education of pharmacists was
now required
20
The Renaissance
 Larger
quantities of known and new drugs
were imported from the New World and
the Orient
 New chemical medicines were introduced
21
The Empiric Era
 Pharmacopeias
became the regulatory
tools of government, with standardized
medicines listed
 Existing medications were questioned
and tested as to their actual
effectiveness
22
The Empiric Era
 In
the 18th century, pharmacy began to
develop in the colonies of the New World
 In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first
hospital in America
23
The Empiric Era
 The
first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan
Roberts
 William Proctor introduced control into the
practice of pharmacy in the New World
24
Drugs Discovered in the
19th Century
 Quinine
 Adrenalin
 Caffeine
 Penicillin
 Morphine
 Phenobarbital
 Codeine
 Testosterone
 Niacin
25
The Industrialization Era
 Firms
other than the pharmacies
themselves began centralized
manufacturing of medicinal preparations
26
The Industrialization Era
 The
periods of development of
manufacturing pharmacy began as
follows:




Formative (1867)
Botanical (1875)
Standardization (1882)
Organic Chemicals (1883)
27
The Industrialization Era




Biological (1895)
Hormones (1901)
Vitamins (1909)
Antibiotics (1940)
28
The Growth of Industrialization
 Large
amounts of war-related injuries
required industrial manufacturing in order
to meet the need for pharmaceutical
products
 Many retail pharmacists protested the
industrialization of manufacturing
29
The Growth of Industrialization
 Industrialization
brought about biologically
prepared products, complex chemical
synthesis, increased use of parenteral
medications, and standardized
manufacturing
30
Retail Pharmacy
 The
pharmaceutical industry created new
needs, to the advantage of retail pharmacy
 Retail pharmacy has proved to be
indispensable and irreplaceable as the
fitting and distributing agency of medicinal
products
31
Retail Pharmacy
 Manufacturing
and retail pharmacy are two
branches of the same tree
32
The Patient Care Era
 Increased
concentration on rational,
targeted research through the use of
computers
 Increased number of available medicines
33
The Patient Care Era
 Well-coordinated
teams of scientists with
other professions such as statisticians and
financial managers
 Multiple drug therapy, however, led to
adverse reactions, interactions, and
therapeutic outcomes that were greater or
less than desired
34
Patient-Focused Drug Therapy
 Also
thought of as drug control or drug
monitoring
 C.D. Hepler established the concept of
pharmaceutical care around 1988
 A pharmacist’s education must now focus
on human behavior as it relates to
providing practiced, patient-focused care
35
The New Horizon
 Research
into gene therapy and genetic
defects has greatly increased
 Recombinant DNA technology is
producing new medications based on the
patient’s genetic make-up
36
The New Horizon
 Some
medications that come from natural
sources, such as insulin, are prone to
producing allergies
 Genetic research is involved in the pursuit
of cures for major diseases, such as
cancer
37