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URINARY SYSTEM OBJECTIVES Describe major functions of the urinary system Name and describe structures of the urinary system Recognize, define, spell, pronounce terms related to the urinary system OBJECTIVES Explain the importance of filtration, tubular re-absorption, tubular secretion in formation of urine Discuss urine control mechanisms Explain how the kidneys act as vital organs in maintaining homeostasis FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Maintains proper balance of: Water Salts Acids ……in body fluids, …by removing excess fluids from the body, or reabsorbing water as needed FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Constantly filters the blood to remove urea and other waste materials from the bloodstream. Urea: the major waste product of protein metabolism FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Converts waste products and excess fluid into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body via the urinary bladder STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS •Two kidneys located retroperitoneally with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS • The kidneys play and important role in homeostasis by filtering waste from the blood, and eliminating them by forming urine. •Output is adjusted to equal the intake of the body. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS •Regulate chloride, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate levels. •Salt and water balance •Assists in regulating blood pressure. •Consist of two layers that surround the renal pelvis STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS • Renal Cortex: •Outer layer of the kidney -- Contains over one million microscopic units called nephrons STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS • Medulla: •Inner layer of the kidney. •Contains most of the urine-collecting tubules. -- Tubules are small tubes Renal Cortex Medulla STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM RENAL PYRAMIDS •Triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney. •Extensions of cortical tissue that dip down into the medulla between the renal pyramids are called the renal columns Renal Pyramids Renal Columns STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM RENAL PAPILLA • Narrow, innermost end of a pyramid STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM CALYX •Division of the renal pelvis (the papilla of a pyramid opens into each calyx) STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM RENAL PELVIS •Funnel-like expansion of the upper end of the ureters that drains to the bladder. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS •Functional units of the kidneys. •Form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. -- Contains glomerulus which is a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called Bowman’s capsule STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS •Blood flows into the kidney through the renal artery, filtered by the capillaries of the glomerulus and leaves the kidney through the renal vein. NEPHRONS STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS •Waste products pass through a series of urine-collecting tubules and are transported to the renal pelvis before entering the ureters. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS •Urochrome is the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber color. - Color can be influenced by normal factors such as the amount of liquid consumed or by disease or medications STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS • The Nephron is composed of two principle components. •Renal Corpuscle •Renal Tubule STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS •Renal Corpuscle is subdivided into two further segments. •Bowman’s Capsule •Glomerulus STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Corpuscle •Bowman’s Capsule -- Cup shaped sac surrounding the Glomerulus at the top of the nephron. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Corpuscle •Glomerulus -- Network of capillaries inside the Bowman’s Capsule where the blood is filtered. -- High pressures are present in the capillaries to filter wastes. Renal Corpuscle STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS •Renal Tubule is subdivided into four segments. •Proximal Convoluted Tubule •Loop of Henle •Distal Convoluted Tubule •Collecting Tubule STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Tubule •Proximal Convoluted Tubule -- First segment of winding renal tubule near the Bowman's Capsule. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Tubule •Loop of Henle -- Thin, hairpin loop of the proximal tubule. -- Located in the Medulla STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Tubule •Distal Convoluted Tubule -- Winding segment of renal tubule after the Loop of Henle. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Tubule •Collecting Tubule -- Straight final segment of renal tubule. -- Several nephrons will join to empty into a single collecting tube. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URETERS •Narrow tubes about 10 – 12 inches long. •Carry urine from the renal pelvis in the kidney to the urinary bladder STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URETERS •Lined with mucous membranes and sensory nerves, urine is moved to the bladder by peristaltic movements of the thick muscular walls. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URINARY BLADDER •Hollow, muscular organ that acts as a reservoir for urine. •Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URINARY BLADDER •Elastic fibers, muscles, and rugue lining allow the bladder to expand with urine and contract when emptying. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URINARY BLADDER •The bladder will expand with little pressure until approx 300 to 400ml of urine is collected, indicating a need to void. •Emptying reflex is initiated and the bladder will contract, sending urine to the urethra. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URETHRA •The tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body. NOTE: The spelling of ureter and urethra are very similar. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URETHRA •Two urinary sphincters -One controls the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra (internal/Involuntary) -One controls the flow of urine from the urethra through the urethral meatus (external/voluntary) STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URETHRA •When the emptying reflex is initiated, the bladder contracts, and the internal urethral sphincter will relax. •The external sphincter must be voluntarily opened in order to expel urine. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URETHRA •The urethral meatus is the external opening of the urethra. •Female urethra is approx 1.5 inches long. •Male urethra is approx 8 inches long. •Also a passageway for semen. FORMATION OF URINE • The 2 million or more nephrons form urine by a series of three processes Filtration Reabsorption Secretion FORMATION OF URINE FILTRATION •Continual process in the renal corpuscles • Blood flowing through the glomeruli exerts pressure and this glomerular pressure is high enough to push water and dissolved substances out of the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule FORMATION OF URINE FILTRATION •Normal filtration results in approx 180 L of fluid a day. •It is obvious that no one ever excretes that much fluid daily…..this is where the second stage take place….reabsorption FORMATION OF URINE REABSORPTION •Begins in the proximal convoluted tubules and continues in the loop on Henle, distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules •Large amounts of water—approx 178 L per day are absorbed by osmosis and returned to the blood. FORMATION OF URINE SECRETION •Secretion is reabsorption in reverse. •Process by which substances move into urine in the distal and collecting tubules from blood in the capillaries around these tubules. •Hydrogen, Potassium, Ammonia FILTRATION REABSORBSION SECRETION CONTROL OF URINE VOLUME HORMONES •ADH – Allows for control of reabsorption of water. •Aldosterone – Controls salt and water retention •ANH – Controls salt and water loss. EXCRETION OF URINE URINATION •Also known as micturation or voiding •Requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and sphincter relaxation. This forces urine through the urethra and out through the urinary meatus TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Incontinence •Condition where the patient voids urine involuntarily. •Common in patients with stroke or spinal injury. •Stress Incontinence TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Oliguria •Scant amounts of urine is produced. Polyuria •Unusual large amount of urine is produced. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Dysuria •Painful or difficult urination. Nocturia •Excessive urination at night. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Nephrologist •Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidney. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Urologist •Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female urinary system and the male genitourinary system. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Renal Failure •Inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions Dialysis •Procedure to remove waste products from the blood in patients with renal failure. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Nephritis •Inflammation of the kidney. Nephrolithiasis •Disorder characterized by the presence of stones or calculus in the kidney. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Cystitis •Inflammation of the bladder. Cystocele •Herniation of the bladder through the vaginal wall. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Urinary Tract Infection - UTI •Usually begin in the bladder. •More frequent in women due to shorter urethra. Hypospadias •Congenital deformity, where in males the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Cystoscopy •Visual exam of the bladder by endoscope. TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Lithotripsy •Destruction of urinary stones with the use of high energy ultrasonic waves to break up the stones TERMINOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Urethropexy •Surgical fixation of the Urethra to correct stress incontinence. •Burch procedure •MMK URINARY SYSTEM • Questions?