Download 1.Entering into speciality. Origin of medicine and pharmacy

Lecture 1
Entering into speciality. Origin
of medicine and pharmacy.
Medicine of primitive line-up
Why do we begin to study from
history?
• History of our profession is part of human practice,
•
experience and supervisions, which is named a
culture. Medicine and pharmacy are old sciences.
History of medicine and pharmacy is history of
accumulation of experience for prophylaxis and
treatment of illnesses of humanity and animals, which
is directed on a search and perfection of medications
for a fight against illnesses, history of forming,
becoming, development and functioning of pharmacy
business.
History of medicine and pharmacy is one of
sections of culture of humanity.
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It examines the complex
of knowledge’s about
creation of medications,
by development of
enterprises of
pharmacies. History
helps correctly to
understand the modern
level of pharmacy and
foresee the prospects of
its development.
The sources of a history of medicine.
1. Written sources - the contents, which are transmitted with the
plot of signs (manuscripts, printed sources, papyrus, ceramics
and other).
2. Ware sources - most miscellaneous under the shape
(instruments of a transactions, monuments, oddments of the
people, medals, coins).
3. The ethnographic sources - phenomena of cultural life, are
transmitted from breed for breed (solemnities, custom, songs,
retellings).
4. A way of life modern tribes, which lived in the past epoch.
5. Photo and films - static and dynamic documents.
6. The phonodocuments- image the acoustical side of historical
events.
The origin of the word "pharmacy" is generally ascribed
to the Greek pharmakon ("remedy").
•
It has been suggested that there is a connection with the
egyptian term ph-ar-maki ("bestower of security"), which the
god Thoth, patron of physicians, conferred as approbation on a
ferryman who had managed a safe crossing.
• The notion of an Egyptian origin has a certain romantic appeal,
but in all likelihood the word "pharmacy" and its many
cognates derive, like so many other scientific terms, from the
Greek:
- the art of preparing and dispensing drugs.
- a place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. In this sense, also
called apothecary.
Apothecary is an historical name for a medical
practitioner who formulates and dispenses materia
medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role
now served by a pharmacist.
• In addition to pharmacy the
apothecary also offered general
medical advice and a range of
services that are now performed
solely by other specialist
practitioners, such as surgery
and midwifery. Apothecaries
often operated through a retail
shop, which in addition to
ingredients for medicines,
would also sell tobacco and
patent medicines.
 From the 15th century the apothecary gained the
status of a skilled practitioner, but by the end of the
19th century the medical professions had taken on
their current institutional form, with defined roles
for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the
apothecary was more narrowly conceived as that of
dispensing pharmacist.
 In England, the apothecaries merited their own livery
company, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries,
founded in 1617. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became
the first woman to gain a medical qualification in
Britain when she passed the Society's examination in
1865.
 Apothecaries used the now obsolete apothecaries'
measure to provide precise weighing of small
quantities.
Emblem of medicine and pharmacy
The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy
are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipe) character,
which is often written as "rx" in typed text.
Mortar and pestle
Recipe symbol
Emblem of medicine and pharmacy
• Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl
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of Hygieia.
Representing a snake in different combinations has old history. In
primitive society, on his first stage of development, group of
people represented animals – bears, wolves, birds and snakes as a
totem.
In Babylon thought that a snake is a “child of goddess of Earth”, in
Egypt named the snake of “life of earth”, about a snake other
people had similar imagination. From old times a snake symbolized
good, wisdom and knowledge.
Emblem of medicine and pharmacy
• Other symbols are common in different countries: the
green Greek cross in France and the United Kingdom, the
increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red
stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke,
the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root
as the English word 'apothecary').
Pharmacopoeia
• is a book containing
directions for the
identification of samples
and the preparation of
compound medicines,
and published by the
authority of a
government or a
medical or
pharmaceutical society.
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The earliest pharmacopoeia books were written by Muslim
physicians. These included Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th
century, Ibn Baytar in the 14th century,and Ibn Zuhr in 1491.
The first work of the kind published under government
authority appears to have been that of Nuremberg in 1542; a
passing student named Valerius Cordus showed a collection of
medical receipts, which he had selected from the writings of
the most eminent medical authorities, to the physicians of the
town, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the
apothecaries, and obtained for his work the sanction of the
senatus.
An earlier work, known as the Antidotarium Florentinum, had
been published under the authority of the college of medicine
of Florence.
The term pharmacopoeia first appears as a distinct title in a
work published at Basel in 1561 by Dr A. Foes, but does not
appear to have come into general use until the beginning of the
17th century.
Medicine of the primitive communion
system order.
• Medicine is to historical times hugs a
•
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period from the Paleozoic era (600 million
years BC) to opening of calendar and letter
(4000 BC).
In development of man marks two critical
moments.
First is beginning of labour activity, second
transformation of ancient man on the man
of modern type (40000-45000 BC).
The heavy terms of existence and
getting of meal were instrumental in
the origin of diseases.
• Pharmacy, as well as all medicine, arose
out of desire sick to save the life and
facilitate sufferings, loosen pain by the use
of matters which surround him.
• Using different herbages, a man marked
their medical or poisonous properties.
People of the Paleolithic period were interested in
the flora around them to engrave a variety of plants,
bones and deer antlers.
• The use of herbs as healing agents predates recorded history.
•
Investigation of a 60,000 year old Palaeolithic grave site in
Shanidar, Northern Iraq, yielded pollen samples of no less than
eight different genera of flowering plants. Many of the species
were still official in various pharmacopeias until the mid 1930's.
Therefore to say that 'herbs are the mother of all medicine',
would not be unreasonable. Herbal therapeutics is a broad term
that covers all those systems of medicine in which herbs or their
derivatives form an essential part of the therapy, e.g.
With development hunt appeared remedies of animal origin fat,
blood, marrow. The matters of medical origin appear also and
above all things as mineral waters.
• Prehistoric skulls found in Europe
and South America indicate that
Neolithic man was already able to
trephine, or remove disks of bone
from, the skull successfully, but
whether this delicate operation
was performed to release evil
spirits or as a surgical procedure
is not known. Empirical medicine
developed in ancient Egypt, and
involved the use of many potent
drugs still in use today, such as
castor oil, senna, opium,
colchicine, and mercury. In spite
of their skill in embalming,
however, the Egyptians had little
knowledge of anatomy.
Treatment of diseases is the most
ancient human need.
Appearance of medicine belongs to the
era of matriarchyits, evidence is the
materials of archeology and
ethnography.
For millennia people were studying the
properties of plants recognizing
nutritional, poisonous and medicinal
properties of plants. The first herbs
were pain, killing irritating the digestive
tract, stimulating (bush «coke»),
narcotic (poppy, tobacco. marihuana).
The new practice of treating diseases
developed since people discovered the
healing properties of some animal organs ( with the transition to hunting )
Every member of the tribe had the individual
animal-protector. An animal was called
«manito» (medicine) in theNorth American
Indians. It must protect a man from
diseases help and cure.
The man had his «manito» inside, drinking
blood, eating organs and ash of this
animal.
Fat was applied externally rubbing into the
body.
Another form of animal — Manito
application was an amulet. A man
made the image of his animal from
the wood, bone, stone and always
wore on himself.
Together with the new medications of the
animal origin the ancient herbal treatment
was also used.
A new stage of the human history was the
transition from hunting to cattle-breeding,
that was the stimulus of the further
development of medicine.
Observation for domesticated animals
helped to notice the action of the plants
and transfer this knowledge for treating
people.
Reposition of dislocations, treatment of
fractures, castration, caesarian
section were novel in medical
practice, resulting from the prolonged
and close contact with domestic
animals.
Matriarchy gave way to patriarchy and a
male ancestor was the patron and
protector of his children, their physical
well-being, their health. If a descendantwas disrespectful toward his ancestor, the
last «dwell» in him, began to torture and
made him sick.
Disease was a punishment for disrespectful attitude to the memory of the ancestor.
If the ancestor is persisted and continued to
torture the sick person,he was driven out
using various methods of intimidation.
The whole system of “frightened healing”
was created, it prevailed in America,
China, Turkmenistan, Siberia, Africa and
Australia.
At the end of the Patriarchate primitive people
divided the world into the natural world
(material) and weird inhabited by spirits.
Evil spirits — demons were declared the cause of
diseases. Demons of blindness, deafness,
seizures, paralysis, toothache, headache (a
specific demon corresponded to each disease)
penetrated into the body and caused a disease.
The principle of treatment is simple: to
propitiate the gods with prayers
and or to expel out the demon from
the patient's body.
Thus, the era of the primitive people
community acquired medical knowledge
based on direct acquaintance with the
objects of nature surrounding them.
The knowledge was empirical based on the
own experience.
A great number of drugs, mainly herbal, was
discovered some surgical skills included in
further medical practice were developed.
Medicine and pharmacy in the
slaveholding states of the Ancient East
In the transition from the primitive society
to the slave-owing society the temple
medicine was formed.
But folk medicine remained the main form
of medicine in the slave-holding states of
the Ancient Orient.
New profession of
a doctor
occupied a prominent place in society
and was recognized by the state.
A doctor was responsible for his actions in
relation to the law.
Training physicians took place in the family.
The head of the family had his own secret
medicines and medical skills, shared his
experience only with the members of the
family fromgeneration to generation.
The material was accumulated, the first
record — «medical manual», the
first medical literature appeared.
The main texts of the medical literature of
that time the Egyptian medical papyrus
Slave-owning states of the Ancient East had a
different coverage of the problem of etiology in
folk medicine.
At the first place it was the problem of nutrition:
overeating or lack of food, gross, contaminated
food,
another problem was climate: the change of
seasons, the winds — hot, cold, wet, dry;
the next problem was the lack of personal hygiene,
nonhygienic state of dwellings.
The cause of some diseases was considered to be
excessive or in sufficient physical movements.
Diseases, that were not subjected to the causal
explanation were attributed to the rage of the
gods.
In the therapy of internal diseases the
“emptying” methods of treatment with
application of laxatives and emetics
prevailed.
The treatment with a diet was practiced, so
there was a great number of dietary
prescriptions in medical books.
Ophthalmology developed: eye ointments
appeared and removal of cataract with the
help of surgery was performed.
Together with professional medicine
the temple medicine, which was the
work of priests, existed.
They used the experience and methods
of traditional medicines, but in
particular, distinctive form.
The temple medicine taught that the most
important of all emanations was the
emanation of the Sun.
The God of the Sun ruled it and due to his
will the radiation of the sun penetrated to
the blood of man, giving him movement
and heat, i.e. blood was the source and
cause of all the vital characteristics of an
organism.
Medicine in the ancient
Egypt
Thanks to preparation of mummies the
Egyptians studied well the structure of the
human body. They associated causes of
diseases both with natural phenomena
(junk food, intestinal parasites, weather
changes) and with supernatural ideas
(occupancy of the spirit of the deceased
person patient's of the body, attempts to
expel it the the unpleasant-tasting
medicines, charms, spells, ect.).
In Egyptian medicine it was very popular to
treat with herbs, spices,herbal ointments.
The Ancient Greeks believed Egypt to be the
treasury of pharmaceutical knowledge.
The Egyptian pharmacy is one of the most
ancient. The source of information about it
are “The Hermetic Books”
In the Ebers Papyrus the
importance of the heart in the
human life was emphasized.
The diagnosis of diseases by
pulse were known by the
ancient Egyptians more than
four millennia ago.
An ibis beak on the head of the
god Thoth was the prototype of
enema,
which Egyptians considered as
their greatest invention in the
field of medicine.
In the 4—6-th millennia BC in the ancient
Egyptians only priests of the highest caste had
the right to prepare medicines. It was believed
that medicine was under the patronage of the
god Thoth, «lifesaver», «defender», «healer».
The Egyptians called him «pharmacy».
Hence the words with the root of «pharma» such
as pharmacology, pharmacognosy,
Pharmacopoeia,pharmacy appeared.
Preparation of medicines was at rather high
level. The Egyptians were able to prepare
tablets, infusions, decoctions, squeeze
juice from plants, prepare ointments,
adhesive bandages, smoking materials.
Preparation of epicutaneous and cosmetic
products was of particular success.
Therefore, Egypt is considered to be a home
of dermatology.
Raw garlic was often used.
Still popular remedy for cold — garlic
with honey — was invented in the
ancient Egypt.
It was believed that the «demon of
cold» was afraid of garlic and ran
away when he appeared.
The pharmaceutical technology of primary
processing of substances — squeezing,
boiling, straining, grinding, sieving — was
known.
There were precise rules for the preparation
of medicines, signatures how to use
medicines
(in the morning or in the evening) appeared.
There was an obligatory ritual — to say
prays before taking a medication.