Download Pharmacy - Farmasi Unand

English for Academic
Purposes
Prof. Dr. Henny Lucida, Apt
Faculty of Pharmacy
Andalas University
Course Objectives
• After taking the EAP, students are able to communicate in
English, read textbooks and express their thoughts in English.
• Significant instruction time is dedicated to developing
academic English reading, writing, grammar, listening,
speaking, and vocabulary skills, and strategies necessary for
success in college and university coursework in English.
• The coursework also focuses on preparation for the TOEFL
and other standardized examinations required for admission
to undergraduate and graduate university programs.
• Students are exposed to Andalas university classroom culture
and take part in campus activities on a regular basis
throughout the EAP program.
Basic needs
•
•
•
•
Good grammar
Good vocabularies
Has a better Self confidence
Be ready of making mistakes and learning
from that
• Eager to practice more
Pharmacy
(From Wikipedia)
Bowl of Hygeia
The mortar and pestle, an
internationally recognized symbol
to represent
the pharmacy profession
Definition
Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον
'pharmakon' = drug) is the health profession
that links the health sciences with the
chemical sciences
The scope of pharmacy
The scope of pharmacy
practice includes more
traditional roles such as
compounding and dispensing
medications, and it also
includes more modern services
related to patient care,
including clinical services,
reviewing medications for
safety and efficacy, and
providing drug information.
Pharmacist vs Pharmacy
Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug
therapy and are the primary health
professionals who optimize medication use to
provide patients with positive health outcomes.
Pharmacy is also the term for an establishment
where pharmacy (in the first sense) is practice
(synonym: drugstore). The first pharmacy in
Europe (still working) was opened in 1241 in
Trier, Germany.
Old Time Pharmacy (14th century)
19th century Italian pharmacy
Modern pharmacy in Norway
Modern Pharmacy in US
Pharmacy
• Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront
with a dispensary where medications are stored and
dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation;
with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts,
equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once
the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary
compounding/dispensing medications; there has been an
increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy
technicians while the pharmacist spends more time
communicating with patients.
Pharmacy
• All pharmacies are required to have a pharmacist on-duty at
all times when open. In many jurisdictions, it is also a
requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a
registered pharmacist (R.Ph.). This latter requirement has
been revoked in many jurisdictions, such that many retailers
(including supermarkets and mass merchandisers) now
include a pharmacy as a department of their store.
• Likewise, many pharmacies are now rather grocery store-like
in their design. In addition to medicines and prescriptions,
many now sell a diverse arrangement of additional household
items such as cosmetics, shampoo, office supplies,
confectionary, and snack foods.
• Also, retail pharmacists usually make more money than their
clinical counterparts.
Pharmacy: a knowledge
The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided
into four primary disciplines:
• Pharmaceutics
• Medicinal chemistry
• Pharmacognosy
• Pharmacy practice
Pharmacology
• The boundaries between four disciplines and with other
sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and
often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research
together.
• Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of
pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of
pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually
considered to be a field of the broader sciences.
• Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the
Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular,
infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear,
nutrition, and psychiatry.[1] The Commission for Certification
in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric
pharmacy practice. The American Board of Applied Toxicology
certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in
applied toxicology.
Pharmaceutics
Compounding pharmacy
• Compounding is the mixing of drugs by a pharmacist based on
prescriptions from physician, dentist or veterinarian to fit the unique
needs of a patient. This may be done for medically necessary reasons,
such as to change the form of the medication from a solid pill to a liquid,
to avoid a non-essential ingredient that the patient is allergic to, or to
obtain the exact dose needed. It may also be done for voluntary reasons,
such as adding favorite flavors to a medication.
• Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in new forms. For
example, if a drug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a
compounding pharmacist might make a medicated lollipop that contains
the drug. Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to
suck the medicated lollipop instead.
• Compounding pharmacies specialize in compounding, although many also
dispense the same non-compounded drugs that patients can obtain from
community pharmacies.
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Technology
• Pharmaceutical compounding continues to
play the crucial role of drug development.
Compounding pharmacists and medicinal
chemists develop and test pharmaceutical
formulations for new drugs so that the active
ingredients are effective, stable, easy to use,
and acceptable to patients.
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Technology
Pharmaceutical Technology
Products of Pharmaceutical
Technology
Medicinal Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry: Drug
development
• Pharmacists began isolating and identifying the active
ingredients contained within these crude drug concoctions.
Using fractionation or recrystallization, the compounding
pharmacist would separate the active ingredients, like
morphine, and use it in place of the crude drug. During this
time modern medicine began.
• With the isolation of medications from the “raw materials” or
crude drugs came the birth of the modern pharmaceutical
company. Pharmacists were trained to compound the
preparations made by the drug companies, but they were
unable to do it efficiently on a small scale. So economies of
scale, not lack of skill or knowledge, produced a market for
the modern pharmaceutical drug companies (Pharma).
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacology & Pharmacy Practice
Pharmacy Practice: Clinical pharmacy
Clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care
services that optimizes the use of medication and
promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.
Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians
and other healthcare professionals to improve
pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an
integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to
patient care. They work collaboratively with
physicians, nurses and other healthcare personnel in
various medical and surgical areas. They often
participate in patient care rounds and drug product
selection. In most hospitals in the United States,
potentially dangerous drugs that require close
monitoring are dosed and managed by clinical
pharmacists.
Pharmacy Practice: Consultant
pharmacy
• Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen
review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs.
Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are
increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional
settings.[10] Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually
independent business owners, though in the United States many now
work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be
gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with
patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous
medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some
community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide
consulting services.
• The main principle of consultant pharmacy is pharmaceutical care
developed by Hepler and Strand in 1990.[11][12]
Pharmacy Practice: Community
Pharmacy
Physicians may prescribe an individually compounded
medication for a patient with an unusual health need. This
allows the physician to tailor a prescription to each individual.
Compounding preparations are especially prevalent for:
• Patients requiring limited dosage strengths, such as a very
small dose for infants
• Patients requiring a different formulation, such as turning a
pill into a liquid or transdermal gel for people who can't
swallow pills due to disability
Pharmacy Practice: Community
Pharmacy
• Patients requiring an allergen-free medication, such as one
without gluten or colored dyes
• Patients who need drugs that have been discontinued by
pharmaceutical manufacturers because of low profitability
• Patients who are taking bioidentical hormone replacement
therapy, specifically the Wiley Protocol
• Children who want flavored additives in liquid drugs, usually
so that the medication tastes like candy or fruit
• Veterinary medicine, for a change in dose, change to a more
easily-administered form (such as from a pill to a liquid or
transdermal gel), or to add a flavor more palatable to the
animal.
Pharmacists
• Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare
professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal
health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also
small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they
practice.
• Pharmacists are represented internationally by the
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). They are
represented at the national level by professional organisations
such as the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
(RPSGB), the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA), the Pakistan
Pharmacists Society(PPS) and the American Pharmacists
Association (APhA), Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia (IAI).
Old time pharmacist
Modern Pharmacist
Modern Pharmacist
Modern Pharmacist
Pharmacy (Ind: Apotek)
A pharmacy (commonly the chemist in
Australia, New Zealand and the UK; or
drugstore in North America; retail pharmacy
in industry terminology; or Apothecary,
historically) is the place where most
pharmacists practice the profession of
pharmacy. It is the community pharmacy
where the dichotomy of the profession
exists—health professionals who are also
retailers.
Issues in pharmacy
Separation of prescribing from dispensing
• In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are
regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also
usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled
pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form
business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback"
payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA)
Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within
their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation
and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be
filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices
reportedly dispense drugs on their own.[13]
• In other jurisdictions (particularly in Asian countries such as China,
Malaysia, and Singapore), doctors are allowed to dispense drugs
themselves and the practice of pharmacy is sometimes integrated
with that of the physician, particularly in traditional Chinese
medicine.
Issue in Pharmacy
• In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to be
located together and for the ownership in both enterprises to be
common, but licensed separately.
• The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of
interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the
physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many
conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness,
because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient.
Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in
obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary
use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects
much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and
many other governments.
• A campaign for separation has begun in many countries and has
already been successful (like in Korea). As many of the remaining
nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from
dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a
major stumbling block (e.g. in Malaysia).
The future of pharmacy
• In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral
within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication,
pharmacists will be paid for their patient care skills.[14]
• This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance,
pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian
Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In
Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as
in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial
government for expanded services such as medications reviews
(Medschecks in Ontario). In the United Kingdom, pharmacists who
undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. They are also
being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews. In the United
States, pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving
influence on the practice of pharmacy.[9] Moreover, the Doctor of
Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree is now required before entering practice and
some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or
fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant
pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are
now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of
"senior care pharmacy."[15]