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Physical
Development in
Late Adulthood
Chapter 17
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter Outline
• Longevity
• The course of physical development in late
adulthood
• Health
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Longevity
• Life expectancy and life span
– Life span: Maximum number of years an
individual can live
• Between 120–125 years
– Life expectancy: Number of years that the average
person born in a particular year will probably live
• Average is 78.3 years
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Longevity
• Life expectancy and life span
– Differences in life expectancy
• Due to factors such as health conditions and medical
care
• Ethnic differences
– Female life expectancy 80.8 years, males 75.7 years
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Longevity
• Life expectancy and life span
– Centenarians
• Increasing by approximately 7% each year
• Explanations
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Diet
Low-stress lifestyle
Caring community
Activity
Spirituality
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Longevity
• The young-old and the oldest-old
– Young-old are aged 65 to 84
– Oldest-old are aged 85 or more
– Functional age - Person’s actual ability to function
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Longevity
• Biological theories of aging
– Evolutionary theory: Natural selection has not
eliminated many harmful conditions and
nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
– Cellular clock theory: Cells can divide a maximum
of about 75 to 80 times
• Age makes cells less capable of dividing
• Telomeres – Tips of chromosomes; DNA sequences that
cap chromosomes
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Longevity
• Biological theories of aging
– Free-radical theory: People age because:
• When cells metabolize energy
– By-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free
radicals
– Mitochondrial theory: Aging is caused by the
decay of mitochondria
– Hormonal stress theory: Aging in the body’s
hormonal system can lower resistance to stress
and increase the likelihood of disease
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• The aging brain
– The shrinking, slowing brain
• Brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of
20 and 90 years
• Volume decreases due to:
– Shrinkage of neurons
– Lower numbers of synapses
– Reduced length of axon
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• The aging brain
– The shrinking, slowing brain
• Slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins
in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood
– Affecting physical coordination and intellectual performance
• Aging - Linked to a reduction in the production of
certain neurotransmitters
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• The aging brain
– The adapting brain
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Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons
Dendritic growth
Older brains rewire to compensate for losses
Decrease in lateralization
– Improve cognitive functioning
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 17.6 - The Decrease in Brain
Lateralization in Older Adults
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Sleep
– 50 % of older adults complain of having difficulty
sleeping
• Result in earlier death and is linked to a lower level of
cognitive functioning
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Strategies to help older adults sleep better at
night:
– Avoiding caffeine
– Avoiding over-the-counter sleep remedies
– Staying physically active during the day
– Staying mentally active
– Limiting naps
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• The immune system
– Declines in functioning with age
• Extended duration of stress and diminished restorative
processes
• Malnutrition involving low levels of protein
– Exercise improves the immune system, and
influenza vaccination is important
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Physical appearance and movement
– Most noticeable changes - Wrinkles and age spots
– Shorter with aging due to bone loss in their
vertebrae
– Weight drops after age 60
• Muscle loss
– Older adults move more slowly
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 17.8 - Changes in Body Composition of Bone,
Muscle, and Fat from 25 to 75 Years of Age
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Sensory development
– Vision
• Visual acuity
• Color vision
• Depth perception
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Sensory development
– Diseases of the eye
• Cataracts: Thickening of the lens of the eye
– Causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
• Glaucoma: Damage to the optic nerve because of:
– Pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
• Macular degeneration: Deterioration of the macula of
the retina
– Corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Sensory development
– Hearing
• Impairments becomes an impediment
• Hearing aids and cochlear implants can minimize the
problems linked to hearing loss
– Smell and taste
• Smell and taste losses typically begin about age 60
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
– Touch and pain
• Detect touch less in the lower extremities
• Decreased sensitivity to pain can help adults cope with
disease and injury
– Mask injuries and illnesses that need to be treated
• The circulatory system and lungs
– Cardiovascular disorders increase in late
adulthood
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
– High blood pressure can be linked with
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Illness
Obesity
Anxiety
Stiffening of blood vessels
Lack of exercise
– Lung capacity drops 40% between the ages of 20
and 80
• Can be improved with diaphragm-strengthening
exercises
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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The Course of Physical Development in
Late Adulthood
• Sexuality
– Orgasm becomes less frequent in males with age
– Many are sexually active as long as they are
healthy
– Various therapies have been effective for older
adults who report sexual difficulties
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 17.13 - Sexual Activity in
Older Adults with a Partner
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Health problems
– Probability of having some disease or illness
increases with age
• Arthritis is the most common followed by hypertension
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 17.15 - The Most Prevalent Chronic
Conditions in Middle and Late Adulthood
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Health problems
– Causes of death in older adults
• Nearly 60% of 65–74-year-olds die of cancer or
cerebrovascular disease
• 75–84 and 85+ age groups
– Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death
• Ethnicity is linked with death rates of older adults
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Health problems
– Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints accompanied
by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
– Osteoporosis: Extensive loss of bone tissue
– Accidents - 9th leading cause of death in older
adults
• Falls are the leading cause
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Substance use and abuse
– Multiple medications - Increase the risks
associated with consuming alcohol or other drugs
– Frequency of binge drinking - Highest among older
adults
– Invisible epidemic
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Substance use and abuse
– Late-onset alcoholism - Used to describe the onset
of alcoholism after the age of 65
• Related to loneliness, loss of a spouse, or a disabling
condition
– Moderate drinking of red wine - Linked to better
health and increased longevity due to benefits of
resveratrol
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 17.17 - Physical Fitness and
Mortality
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Exercise, nutrition, and weight
– Exercise
• Linked to increased longevity and prevention of
common chronic diseases
• Associated with improvement in the treatment of many
diseases
• Improves older adults’ cellular functioning and immune
system functioning
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Exercise, nutrition, and weight
– Exercise
• Can optimize body composition and reduce the decline
in motor skills as aging occurs
• Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop
mental health problems
• Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Exercise, nutrition, and weight
– Nutrition and weight
• Getting adequate nutrition
• Avoiding overweight and obesity
• Role of calorie restriction in improving health and
extending life
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Exercise, nutrition, and weight
– Controversy over vitamins and aging
• Balanced diet - Needed for successful aging
• Antioxidants
– Slow the aging process and improve the health
– Neutralize free-radical activity
– Reduce oxidative stress
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
• Health treatment
– Disease management programs - Need to be
expanded
– Geriatric nurses - Helpful in treating the health
care problems
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Health
– Development of alternative home and
community-based care
• Decreased the percentage of older adults who live in
nursing homes
– Factor related to health and survival in a nursing
home:
• Patient’s feelings of control and self-determination
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Figure 17.22 - Perceived Control and
Mortality
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document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.