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Slide 1 SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer 21 McGraw-Hill Population and the Environment © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 21. Population and the Environment • Demography: The Study of Population • The Environment • Social Policy and Population McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Demography: The Study of Population • Fertility: level of reproduction in a society • Demography: scientific study of population Sociologists focus on the social factors that influence population rates and trends McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Demography: The Study of Population • Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response – Malthus: world’s population growing more rapidly than the available food supply – Marx: no special relationship between world population and the supply of resources Neo-Malthusian View stresses birth control and sensible use of resources McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Demography: The Study of Population • Studying Population Today – Census: enumeration, or counting of a population – Vital statistics: records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Demography: The Study of Population • Elements of Demography – Birth rate: number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year – Total fertility rate: average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming she conforms to current fertility rates – Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Demography: The Study of Population • Elements of Demography – Infant mortality rate: number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year – Life expectancy: median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions – Growth rate: difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-1. Live Expectancy in Selected Countries, 2004 Source: Haub 2004 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Demography: The Study of Population Table 21-1. Live Estimated Time for Each Successive Increase of 1 Billion People in World Population Source: Bureau of the Census 2005f McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-2. Live Demographic Transition McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-3. Population Pyramids for Afghanistan Source: Bureau of the Census McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Demography: The Study of Population Figure 21-4. Where Americans Moved in the 1990s Source: Brewer and Suchan 2001:10 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 The Environment • Environmental Problems: An Overview – Air Pollution – Water Pollution • Functionalism and Human Ecology – Human Ecology: interrelationships between people and their environment McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 The Environment • Functionalism and Human Ecology – Dunlap suggests the natural environment serves three basic functions for humans: • Provides the resources essential for life • Serves as a waste repository • Houses our species – Three functions compete with one another McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 The Environment • The Impact of Globalization: – Polluting companies may relocate to countries with less stringent environmental standards • Industrialization that often accompanies globalization has increased pollution – Multinational Corporations have incentive to consider cost of natural resources McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 The Environment • A Conflict View of Environmental Issues – Less affluent nations are being forced to exploit their mineral deposits, forests, and fisheries to meet debt obligations • Environmental Justice – Legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy – The Issue • World population growth threatens earth’s ability to sustain it • Social policies that address population growth touch on the most sensitive aspects of people’s lives • Reaching global consensus on population issues difficult McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy – The Setting • International concern about population growth began in 1950s • Planners devised programs aimed at encouraging family planning and limiting the number of children through contraception • In the U.S., anti-abortionists charged that public funds should not be used to support family planning clinics McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy – Sociological Insights • Functionalists note best course of action may differ between community and society • Feminist critics remark that population workers may ignore sociocultural influences • Conflict theorists question why industrialized nations are enthusiastic about controlling the population of developing countries McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Social Policy and Population • World Population Policy – Policy Initiatives • The Mexico City Policy: Bush administration requires health workers who receive U.S. government funding to refrain from discussing abortion with patients • Family planning still sparse in poverty-stricken rural areas the world over McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.