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Slide 1
SOCIOLOGY
Richard T. Schaefer
21
McGraw-Hill
Population and
the Environment
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
21. Population and the
Environment
• Demography: The Study of Population
• The Environment
• Social Policy and Population
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Demography: The Study of
Population
• Fertility: level of reproduction in a
society
• Demography: scientific study of
population
Sociologists focus on the social factors that influence
population rates and trends
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Demography: The Study of
Population
• Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response
– Malthus: world’s population growing more
rapidly than the available food supply
– Marx: no special relationship between
world population and the supply of
resources
Neo-Malthusian View stresses birth control and
sensible use of resources
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Demography: The Study of
Population
• Studying Population Today
– Census: enumeration, or counting of a
population
– Vital statistics: records of births, deaths,
marriages, and divorces gathered through
a registration system maintained by
government
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Demography: The Study of
Population
• Elements of Demography
– Birth rate: number of live births per 1,000
population in a given year
– Total fertility rate: average number of
children born alive to any woman,
assuming she conforms to current fertility
rates
– Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000
population in a given year
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Demography: The Study of
Population
• Elements of Demography
– Infant mortality rate: number of deaths
of infants under one year of age per 1,000
live births in a given year
– Life expectancy: median number of
years a person can be expected to live
under current mortality conditions
– Growth rate: difference between birth
and deaths, plus the difference between
immigrants and emigrants
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Demography: The Study of
Population
Figure 21-1. Live Expectancy
in Selected Countries, 2004
Source: Haub 2004
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Demography: The Study of
Population
Table 21-1. Live Estimated Time for Each Successive Increase of 1
Billion People in World Population
Source: Bureau of the Census 2005f
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Demography: The Study of
Population
Figure 21-2. Live Demographic Transition
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Demography: The Study of
Population
Figure 21-3. Population Pyramids
for Afghanistan
Source: Bureau of the Census
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Demography: The Study of
Population
Figure 21-4. Where Americans Moved in the 1990s
Source: Brewer and Suchan 2001:10
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
The Environment
• Environmental Problems: An Overview
– Air Pollution
– Water Pollution
• Functionalism and Human Ecology
– Human Ecology: interrelationships
between people and their environment
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
The Environment
• Functionalism and Human Ecology
– Dunlap suggests the natural environment
serves three basic functions for humans:
• Provides the resources essential for life
• Serves as a waste repository
• Houses our species
– Three functions compete with one another
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
The Environment
• The Impact of Globalization:
– Polluting companies may relocate to
countries with less stringent environmental
standards
• Industrialization that often accompanies
globalization has increased pollution
– Multinational Corporations have incentive
to consider cost of natural resources
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
The Environment
• A Conflict View of Environmental Issues
– Less affluent nations are being forced to
exploit their mineral deposits, forests, and
fisheries to meet debt obligations
• Environmental Justice
– Legal strategy based on claims that racial
minorities are subjected disproportionately
to environmental hazards
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy
– The Issue
• World population growth threatens earth’s
ability to sustain it
• Social policies that address population growth
touch on the most sensitive aspects of
people’s lives
• Reaching global consensus on population
issues difficult
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy
– The Setting
• International concern about population growth
began in 1950s
• Planners devised programs aimed at
encouraging family planning and limiting the
number of children through contraception
• In the U.S., anti-abortionists charged that
public funds should not be used to support
family planning clinics
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy
– Sociological Insights
• Functionalists note best course of action may
differ between community and society
• Feminist critics remark that population workers
may ignore sociocultural influences
• Conflict theorists question why industrialized
nations are enthusiastic about controlling the
population of developing countries
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy
– Policy Initiatives
• The Mexico City Policy: Bush administration
requires health workers who receive U.S.
government funding to refrain from discussing
abortion with patients
• Family planning still sparse in poverty-stricken
rural areas the world over
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.