Download 21301 - New Life College of Nursing

CULTURE, PREJUDICE,
STIGMATIZATION, AND
DISCRIMINATION
• Prepared by Awaldad khan
• Student of post RN BScN semester 1
• Faculty: Rameesh kumar
• 23 November,2015
• New life college of nursing
Objective
• To define stigma and discrimination.
• To explore how and why stigma is
associated with stigmatized disease
• To examine how stigma impacts health
care services.
• To discuss the strategies of enhancing
acceptance of individuals with
stigmatized diseases
Definition
• The Microsoft Word Dictionary defines stigma as the
shame or disgrace attached to something regarded as
socially unacceptable. Sociologists have taken this a
bit further. In a seminal study on stigma in 1963,
stigma was defined as an attribute that is seen as
deeply discrediting to a person or group (Goffmann).
Those attributes could be an illness, physical
deformity, aberrant behaviour or social group (based
upon religion or ethnicity, etc.). Stigma lets people or
groups see differences or "others" in a negative light
while confirming their own sense of normalcy and
decency.
• Subsequent researchers have viewed this more as a
social process that creates social inequities and which
is used to legitimise discrimination. While this is
generally true, stigma can also be a primal human
response- particularly in the case of fearing a disease
that is transmissible and potentially incurable.
Characterizing Intergroup Bias
Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are
thought to be characteristic of members of particular
groups
Prejudice - a negative attitude or affective response
toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a
particular group based on their membership in that
group
Stigma and discrimination
• Stigma refers to unfavourable attitudes and
beliefs directed toward someone or
something
• Discrimination is the treatment of an
individual or group with partiality or prejudice
•
Stigmatization reflects an attitude
•
Discrimination is an act or behavior
Root Causes
1.The role of knowledge about HIV and AIDS and
fear surrounding it
– Ogden and Nyblade believe that the fear of transmission
from casual transmission, and the various "what if
scenarios" are the result of 1) the lack of specific, in-depth
information about HIV transmission, 2) fear-based public
messaging, and 3) the evolving nature of knowledge about
HIV and AIDS.
2.The role of values, norms, and moral judgment
– This stigma is exacerbated by the seriousness of the
illness, its mysterious nature, and its association with
behaviours that are either illegal or socially sensitive (e.g.,
sex, prostitution, and drug use). Also relevant is the
perception that HIV infection is the product of personal
choice: that one chooses to engage in "bad" behaviours
that put one at risk and so it is "one's own fault" if HIV
infection ensues."
Expressions and forms of stigma
• Ogden and Nyblade divide stigma into four
loosely defined groups: physical, social,
verbal and institutional.
– Social stigma
– Isolated from community
– Loss of social role/identity: social `death`,
loss of standing and respect
– Physical stigma
– Isolated, shunned, abandoned
– Separate living space, eating utensils
– Violence
Forms of stigma (contd.)
– Verbal stigma
– Gossip, taunting, scolding
– Labelling: in Africa: "moving skeleton,"
"walking corpse," and "keys to the
mortuary." In Vietnam: "social evils," and
"scum of society."
– Institutionalised stigma
– Barred from jobs, scholarships, visas
– Denial of health services
– Police harrassment (eg of sex workers,
HIV-positive actvists in China, outreach
workers in India)
Challenge
 HIV-related stigma is increasingly
recognized as the single greatest challenge
to slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS
 HIV/AIDS – a threefold epidemic
• HIV
• AIDS
• Stigma, discrimination, and denial
Human rights
• Freedom from discrimination is a
fundamental human right
• Discrimination on the basis of HIV/AIDS
status, actual or presumed, is prohibited
by existing human rights standards
• Discrimination against persons living with
HIV/AIDS or those thought to be infected,
is a clear human rights violation
Effects of stigma
• Social isolation
• Limited rights and reduced access to
services
• HIV/AIDS related stigma fuels new HIV
infections
• Secondary stigma (stigma by association)
Stigma in service delivery
• Discourages access to ANC services
• Prevents access to counselling , HIV testing and
MTCT services
• Discourages disclosure of HIV test results to
partner(s)
• Discourages acceptance of MTCT interventions
• Inhibits use of safer infant-feeding practices
• Confers secondary stigmatisation on the child
Addressing stigma
• Interventions addressing HIV-related
stigma can take place at all levels:
• National
• Community and social/cultural
• MTCT site/facility
• Individual
National Level Interventions to
Address Stigma
– Support
• Human rights legislation
• National efforts to scale up ARV treatment
• Funding for PPTCT services, and training
– Share
• MTCT success stories
Community Level Interventions
• In the community, promote
• HIV awareness and knowledge
• MTCT activities as integral to health care
and HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment
• Referrals to and from MTCT services
• Awareness of MTCT interventions
Community level interventions
(contd.)
Support
• Partnership with schools, social and
community organizations
• PLWHA ( people living with HIV/AIDS) in
implementing initiatives
• Networking with needed linkages
• Ongoing training
Programme level interventions
• Integrate MTCT into antenatal
services
• Encourage partner involvement
• Enlist partner and family support to
decrease HIV transmission
Addressing stigma
• Educate and train healthcare providers in
• HIV transmission
• Activities to address stigma
• Awareness of language that describes PLWHA
• MTCT-related policies
• Counselling and safer infant feeding practices
Addressing stigma
Enlist manager’s help to ensure policies and
procedures are in place and implemented for:
•
Non-discrimination policies
•
Confidentiality
•
Universal precautions
•
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Summary
• Stigmatisation reflects an attitude
• Discrimination is an act or behaviour
• Stigma and discrimination are often linked to violations
of human rights
• Human rights declarations affirm all peoples’ rights to be
free from discrimination, including discrimination based
on HIV/AIDS status.
• HIV/AIDS-related stigmatisation and discrimination can
discourage access to key HIV services, including:
• Testing
• MTCT services
• Antenatal care
• ARV prophylaxis
Summary contd
• Stigma discourages
-Disclosure of HIV status
-Acceptance of safer infant-feeding practices
-Access to education, counselling, and treatment even
when such services are available and affordable
• The MTCT programs and staff can help reduce stigma
and discrimination in the healthcare setting, in the
community, and at the national level
• Encourage MTCT staff to serve as role models
• Involve PLWHA
• Promote partner participation and community support
• http://www.wwnorton.com/socialpsych