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Slide 1
chapter
seven
Sociology in Modules
Richard T. Schaefer
1st Edition
Deviance and Social Control
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
7
Deviance and
Social Control
•Module 23: Social Control
•Module 24: What Is Deviance?
•Module 25: Crime
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
A Look Ahead
█
█
█
When does conformity verge on deviance?
How does a society control its members
What are the consequences of deviance?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 4
Social Control
█
Social control: Techniques and
strategies employed for preventing
deviant human behavior in any society
–
–
–
–
Parents
Peer groups
Companies
Government
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 5
Social Control
█
Sanctions: penalties and rewards for
conduct concerning a social norm
– Death penalty ultimate formal sanction
–Subject of controversy centered
on effectiveness of this sanction
as social control
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 6
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity: Going along with peers who
have no special right to direct behavior
█ Obedience: Compliance with higher
authorities in an hierarchical structure
█
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Module 23
Slide 7
Conformity and Obedience
█
The Milgram Experiment
– Experimenter instructed people
to administer increasingly
painful electric shocks to a subject
Two-thirds of participants fell into
category of “obedient subjects”
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 8
Informal and
Formal Social Control
Informal social control: Used
casually to enforce norms
█ Formal social control: Carried
out by authorized agents
█
Interplay between formal and informal
social control can be complicated,
especially if informal social control
encourages people to violate social norms
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 9
Sociology on Campus
█
█
Why do most college students
regard binge drinking as a normal
rather than a deviant behavior?
Do you think informal social control
or do you think formal social control
would be more effective in stopping
binge drinking on your campus?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 10
Law and Society
█
Some norms are so important to a
society that they are formalized into laws
– Law: Governmental social control
• The legal order reflects values of
those in a position to exercise authority
– Control Theory: Our connection to
members of society leads us to
systematically conform to society’s norms
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
Slide 11
Figure 23-1: U.S. Imprisonment Rate, 1980-2008
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 23
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Figure 23-2: Executions by State Since 1976
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Module 23
Slide 13
Figure 23-3: The Status of Medical Marijuana
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 14
What is Deviance?
█
Deviance: Behavior that violates
the standards of conduct or
expectations of a group or society
– Involves violation of group norms, which
may or may not be formalized into law
– Social definition within a particular
society and at a particular time
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 15
What is Deviance?
█
Deviance and Social Stigma
– Stigma: Labels society uses to devalue
members of certain social groups
█
Deviance and Technology
– Technological innovations can
redefine social interactions and
standards of behavior related to them
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 16
Functionalist Perspective
█
Durkheim’s Legacy
– Punishments established within
a culture help define acceptable
behavior and contribute to stability
– Erikson illustrated boundarymaintenance function of deviance
– Anomie: Loss of direction felt in
society when social control of individual
behavior has become ineffective
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 17
Functionalist Perspective
█
Merton’s Theory of Deviance
– Anomie Theory of Deviance: How people
adapt in certain ways by conforming to
or by deviating from cultural expectations
• Conformist
• Innovator
• Ritualist
• Retreatist
• Rebel
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 18
Interactionist Perspective
█
Cultural Transmission Theory
– Cultural transmission: Humans learn
how to behave in social situations,
whether properly or improperly
– Differential association: Process
through which exposure to attitudes
favorable to criminal acts leads to the
violation of rules (Sutherland)
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 19
Interactionist Perspective
█
Social Disorganization Theory:
Increases in crime and
deviance attributed to absence
or breakdown of communal
relationships and social institutions
Some claim social disorganization
theory seems to “blame the victim”
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 20
Interactionist Perspective
█
Labeling Theory: Attempts to
explain why some people are viewed
as deviants while others are not; also
known as societal-reaction approach
Societal-reaction approach:
Response to an act, not the
behavior, determines deviance
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 21
Interactionist Perspective
█
Social Constructionist Perspective
– Deviance is a product
of the culture we live in
– Focus on decision
making process that
creates the deviant identity
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 22
Interactionist Perspective
█
Labeling and Sexual Deviance
– Definition of deviant sexual
behavior varied significantly over
time and from culture to culture
• Use of terms, even in positive way,
still implies human sexuality can be
confined in neat, exclusive categories
• Definition of sexual deviance
seems to change with each generation
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 23
Conflict Theory
█
People with power protect their own
interests and define deviance to suit
their needs
– Differential justice:
Differences in way
social control is
exercised over
different groups
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 24
Feminist Perspective
█
Adler and Chesney-Lind argue
existing approaches to deviance and
crime developed with men in mind
– Society tends to treat women
in stereotypical fashion
Cultural views and attitudes
toward women influence how
they are perceived and labeled
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 25
Research Today
█
Does Crime Pay?
– Do you know anyone who has stolen out
of need? If so, did the person feel
justified in stealing, or did he or she feel
guilty? How long did the theft continue?
– Economically, profit is the difference
between revenues and costs.
What are the costs of the illegal drug
trade, both economic and social?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 24
Slide 26
Table 24-1: Modes of Individual Adaptation
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Module 24
Slide 27
Table 24-2: Sociological Perspectives on Deviance
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 28
Crime
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█
Crime: Violation of criminal law
for which some governmental
authority applies formal penalties
Index crimes
–
–
–
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Murder
Rape
Robbery
Assault
–
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Burglary
Theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 29
Types of Crime
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Sociologists classify crimes in
terms of how they are committed
and how society views the offenses
–
–
–
–
–
Victimless crimes
Professional crime
Organized crime
White-collar and technology-based crime
Transnational crime
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 30
Types of Crime
█
█
Victimless crimes: Willing
exchange among adults of widely
desired, but illegal, goods and services
Professional crime: Many people
make a career of illegal activities
– Professional criminal: Person who
pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 31
Types of Crime
█
Organized crime: Group that
regulates relations between
various criminal enterprises
involved in illegal activities
– Dominates world of illegal
business just as large corporations
dominate conventional businesses
– Serves as means of upward
mobility for groups of people
struggling to escape poverty
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 32
Types of Crime
█
White Collar and
Technology-Based Crime
– White Collar crime: Illegal acts committed
in the course of business activities
– Computer crime: Use of high technology to
carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud
– Corporate crime: Any act by a corporation
that is punishable by the government
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 33
Types of Crime
█
Transnational Crime
– Crime that occurs across multiple
national borders
International crime spans the globe
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 34
Sociology on Campus
█
Campus Crime
– Is crime a problem on your campus? If
so, what kinds of crime? What have
college officials done to discourage it?
– Choose two theories of crime discussed
in this chapter and apply them to crimes
that have occurred on your campus.
Which theory seems to fit better?
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 35
Table 25-1: Types of Transnational Crime
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 36
Crime Statistics
█
Reported crime is very high in
the U.S., so public regards
crime as major social problem
– Only track crimes that are
reported to law enforcement agencies
– Victimization Surveys: Surveys of ordinary
people, not police officers, to determine
whether they have been victims of crime
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 37
Understanding Crime Statistics
█
International Crime Rates
– Violent crimes much more common in U.S.
than Western Europe in 1980s and 1990s
Disturbing increases in violent crime are
evident in other Western societies
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 38
Table 25-2: National Crime Rates and Percentage Change
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 39
Figure 25-1: Victimization Rates, 1973-2007
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 40
Gun Control
█
Understanding the Issue
– Role of firearms in crime
remains fairly consistent
despite reported crime decrease
– Brady act not enough
for gun control supporters
– In 2008, Supreme Court
struck down a near-total ban
on handguns in Washington, D.C.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 41
Gun Control
█
Applying Sociology
– About 42% of U.S. households have
some type of firearm on premises
– About half of all adults in U.S. favor
stricter laws covering sale of firearms
– National Rifle Association uses impressive
power to block or dilute gun control
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 42
Gun Control
█
Sociological Insights
– Conflict theorists:
powerful groups like
NRA dominate
legislative process
– Interactionists: gun
control opponents and
proponents use symbols
to their advantage
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 43
Gun Control
█
Initiating Policy
– Advocates for stricter gun control
want more tools for law enforcement,
extended checks on gun sales, and
an end to large-volume gun sales
– Meets strong opposition from
NRA and fire arms manufacturers
– Public health advocates engaging the issue
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Module 25
Slide 44
Figure 25-2: Restrictiveness of State Gun Laws
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.