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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700
Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and
1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700
SECTION 11
SECTION
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
SECTION 22
SECTION
CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending
SECTION 33
SECTION
The Mughal Empire in India
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than
600 years.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam
Osman Establishes a State
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From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia
Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons
Successors expand state through alliances and land buying
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Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-1
Turks Move into Byzantium {continued}
Osman Establishes a State
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-1
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Murad II
• Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-1
Suleyman the Lawgiver
A Great Ruler
• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
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Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522)
Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes
Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
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Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-1
Suleyman the Lawgiver {continued}
Highly Structured Social Organization
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Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands
Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan
Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion
Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
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Chapter 18
Section-1
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall
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Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated
Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-2
Cultural Blending
Case Study: The Safivid Empire
The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia.
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Chapter 18
Section-2
Cultural Blending Case Study: The Safavid Empire
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Cultural Blending in Persia
• Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
Causes of Cultural Blending
• Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
Results of Cultural Blending
• Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology
• Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture
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Chapter 18
Section-2
The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins
• Begins as religious order named for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
Isma’il Conquers Persia
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Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
Takes title of shah—king
Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis
Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
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Chapter 18
Section-2
A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587
Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade
A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of the world’s most beautiful cities
Art Works
• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
Carpets
• Carpet weaving becomes national industry
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Chapter 18
Section-2
The Dynasty Declines Quickly
The Safavid Empire Weakens
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Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-3
The Mughal Empire in India
The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-3
The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
Mongol Invaders
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
Conflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms
Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
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Chapter 18
Section-3
Early History of the Mughals
Babur Founds an Empire
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Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11
Is dethroned and driven south into India
Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire
Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered
Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
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Chapter 18
Section-3
Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur’s Grandson
• Akbar—“Greatest One”—rules India from 1556 to 1605
A Military Conqueror
• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers
A Liberal Ruler
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Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows
Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
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Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
3
Section-3
Akbar’s Golden Age {continued}
A Flowering of Culture
• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
The Arts and Literature
• Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
• Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
Architecture
• New architectural style named for Akbar develops
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-3
Akbar’s Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
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Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government
Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons
Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group
Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-3
Akbar’s Successors {continued}
Shah Jahan
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Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess
Assassinates all competitors for throne
His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
Taj Mahal—huge marble tom Shah Jahan builds for his wife
Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-3
Akbar’s Successors {continued}
The People Suffer
• People suffer paying for wars and monuments
• Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over
Aurangzeb’s Reign
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Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest
Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus
Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 18
Section-3
The Empire’s Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
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Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war
Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal
European traders gain key ports
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Chapter 18
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