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noise or Interference
interference is defined as whatever
impedes accurate communication
Three types of interference
1.EXTERNAL
2.SPEAKER GENERATED
3.INTERNAL
Both speaker and listener can carry
internal interference into the
communication process
Internal mental interference occurs when the
parties communicating do not focus on what
they are hearing due to their own preconceived
ideas about each other.
Stereotyping is something everyone does and
that can easily lead to not sending or receiving
a clear message
stereotypes can affect interactions
Where did the word come from?
What does it mean?
In the world of printing a stereotype was a duplicate of an
original. The words cliché and stereotype were both originally
printers' words, and their meanings were the same.
American journalist Walter Lippmann in 1922 coined the
metaphor, calling a stereotype a "picture in our heads,
whether right or wrong”.
It is a held mental picture that represents an oversimplified
opinion, prejudiced attitude or critical judgment of individuals
or members of a group.
Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions based
on some prior assumptions.
•A stereotype can be deemed 'positive', or 'negative'.
•Stereotypes can have a negative and positive impact.
•For the most part they are negative.
•Negative effects may include forming inaccurate opinions
of people, scapegoating, biased judgmentalism
•Stereotypes are found everywhere.
•They have existed since the beginning of time in
everyday life through religion, politics and the media.
•The media often uses and misrepresents stereotypes and
these become significantly accepted by people that see or
read or hear them.
•TV shows such as the Simpsons or Family Guy are all
based on stereotypes.
•Sociologists believe that mental labeling is necessary and
inescapable.
•They have concluded that stereotypes do not only
exist, but are actually a never ending chain of thoughts.
•People stereotype to avoid taking in all of the
complexities of other people as individuals.
•It is an efficient way to mentally organize large blocks
of information.
•Categorization enables us to simplify, predict and
organize our world.
•Assigning general group characteristics to members of that
group saves time and satisfies the need to predict the social
world in tidy categories.
First impressions are usually wrong. Unfortunately, they
often turn into stereotypes, which then turn into the truth.
(Chuck Klosterman's AMERICA).
When a small percentage of a certain group
confirms a stereotype, it becomes stronger.
According to the never-dying
anti-Semitic stereotype, Jews are
above all financially astute, with
a highly flexible sense of ethics,
sharpies, operators par
excellence. Bernie Madoff, alas,
plays to this stereotype to
perfection.
Epstein, Joseph. "'Uncle Bernie' And the Jews." Newsweek
19 Jan. 2009
A stereotype that pervades the culture the way “angry
white punks" and "forgetful seniors" do makes people
painfully aware of how society views them. In fact, that
knowledge of the stereotype can affect behavior.
During a breakfast with reporters, southern-born presidential
strategist JAMES CARVILLE warned against stereotyping
Southerners as being ignorant and easy to corrupt.
But later he told the gathering to beware of the President's
enemies because “some of them are paying for damaging
information. “ "You know," he said, "when you drag hundreddollar bills through trailer parks, there's no telling what you'll
find. I know those people ... I used to make out with some of
them."
The Slippery Slope
By not evaluating if your message or your interpretation of
the message is being influenced by stereotypes you risk
promoting interference of the communication process.
Stereotyping of the speaker or listener allow for co-existing
prejudices of ethnocentricity, sexism and scapegoating to
further internal interference.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008.
Encyclopedia.com. 16 Feb. 2010 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Beware of stereotypes." Time 18 Apr. 1994: 22.
Professional Collection. Web. 16 Feb. 2010.
Begley, Sharon. "The Stereotype Trap: From 'white men can't jump' to
'girls can't do math,' negative images that are pervasive in the culture."
Newsweek 6 Nov. 2000: 66. Professional Collection. Web. 16 Feb. 2010.
"Stereotypes In the Media." 123HelpMe.com. 17 Feb 2010
<http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=21979>.
SMITH, J. W. (2001). Race and Religion`s Role in Stereotypes and
Perceived Social Standings . National Undergraduate Research Clearinghouse,
http://www.webclearinghouse.net/volume/. Retrieved February 17, 2010 .
Epstein, Joseph. "'Uncle Bernie' And the Jews." Newsweek 19
Jan. 2009: 36. Professional Collection. Web. 16 Feb. 2010