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BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 18
The Evolution of Animal Diversity
Modules 18.13 – 18.15
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.13 Insects are the most diverse group of
organisms
• Insects are the most numerous and successful
arthropods
• They have a three-part body consisting of
– head, thorax, and abdomen
– three sets of legs
– wings (most, but not all insects)
• The development of many insects includes
metamorphosis
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Head
Antenna
Thorax
Abdomen
Forewing
Eye
Hindwing
Mouthparts
Figure 18.13A
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• The insects you see here undergo incomplete
metamorphosis
– Their young resemble adults, but are smaller
with different body proportions
Figure 18.13B, C
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• The insects you see here undergo complete
metamorphosis
Figure 18.13D, E
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– They have larvae specialized for eating and
growing
– The larvae look very different from the adults
– Adults are specialized for dispersal and
reproduction
Haltere
Figure 18.13F, G
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18.14 Echinoderms have spiny skin, an
endoskeleton, and a water vascular system
for movement
• Phylum Echinodermata includes organisms
such as sea stars and sea urchins
– These organisms are radially symmetrical as
adults
Figure 18.14B, C
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– The water vascular system has suction-cup-like
tube feet used for respiration and locomotion
Anus
Spines
Stomach
TUBE FEET
CANALS
Figure 18.14A
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18.15 Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished
by four features
• Organisms in this phylum are segmented
animals with four distinctive features
– Dorsal hollow nerve cord
– Stiff notochord
– Pharyngeal slits behind the mouth
– Muscular post-anal tail
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• The simplest chordates are tunicates and
lancelets
– These are marine invertebrates
POST-ANAL TAIL
DORSAL, HOLLOW
NERVE CORD
PHARYNGEAL
SLITS
Muscle
segments
Mouth
NOTOCHORD
LARVA
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Figure 18.15A
• Lancelets
NOTOCHORD
DORSAL, HOLLOW
NERVE CORD
Head
Mouth
Water
exit
Pharynx
PHARYNGEAL
SLITS
Digestive
tract
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Anus
Segmental
muscles
POST-ANAL
TAIL
Figure 18.15B
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 18
The Evolution of Animal Diversity
Modules 18.16 – 18.20
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VERTEBRATES
18.16 A skull and a backbone are hallmarks of
vertebrates
• Most chordates
are vertebrates
Vertebrae
Backbone
Skull
– Their
endoskeletons
include a skull
– Their backbone
is composed of
vertebrae
Figure 18.16
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18.17 Most vertebrates have hinged jaws
• Lampreys lack hinged jaws
– They are classified as agnathans
• Jaws evolved by
the modification
of skeletal
supports of the
gill slits
Gill
slits
Skeletal
rods
Skull
Mouth
Figure 18.17A, B
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18.18 Fishes are jawed vertebrates with gills and
paired fins
• There are two classes of fish
– Chondrichthyes, cartilaginous fishes such as
sharks
– Osteichthyes, bony fishes such as tuna and trout
Figure 18.18A
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• Bony fishes are more diverse and have
– more mobile fins
– operculi that move water over the gills
– a buoyant swim bladder
BONY SKELETON
OPERCULUM
Gills
SWIM BLADDER
Figure 18.18B
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• There are three major classes of bony fishes
– Ray-finned
fishes
Rainbow trout,
a ray-fin
– Lobe-finned
fishes
– Lungfishes
Coelacanth,
a lobe-fin
Figure 18.18C
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18.19 Amphibians were the first land vertebrates
• Class Amphibia is represented today by
– frogs
– toads
– salamanders
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• Amphibians were the first terrestrial
vertebrates
– Their limbs
allow them to
move on land
– However,
amphibian
larvae must
develop in
water
Figure 18.19A-C
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• Air-breathing lungfishes that developed
skeleton-reinforced appendages probably gave
rise to the first amphibians
Bones
supporting gills
Typical tetrapod limb skeleton
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Figure 18.19D
18.20 Reptiles have more terrestrial adaptations
than amphibians
• Class Reptilia is able to
live on land due to
– waterproof scales
– a shelled, amniotic egg
• Modern reptiles are
ectotherms
– They warm their bodies
by absorbing heat from
the environment
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Figure 18.20A, B
• Dinosaurs were the most diverse reptiles to
inhabit land
– This group included some of the largest land
animals ever
– They may have been endothermic, producing
their own body heat
Figure 18.20C
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 18
The Evolution of Animal Diversity
Modules 18.21 – 18.24
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.21 Birds share many features with their
reptilian ancestors
• Like reptiles,
class Aves has
Teeth
(like reptile)
Wing claw
(like reptile)
– scales
– amniotic eggs
Feathers
Long tail with
many vertebrae
(like reptile)
Figure 18.21A
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• Other bird characteristics include
– wings
– feathers
– an endothermic
metabolism
– hollow bones
– a highly efficient
circulatory system
Figure 18.21B, C
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18.22 Mammals also evolved from reptiles
• Class Mammalia descended from reptiles
• Mammals are endothermic
• There are two unique mammalian
characteristics
– Hair, which insulates the body
– Mammary glands, which produce milk that
nourishes their young
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• Most mammals give birth to young after a
period of embryonic development inside the
body of the mother
– The embryo is nurtured by an organ called the
placenta
• A few mammals
lay eggs
– Monotremes
Figure 18.22A
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• Marsupials have a
short gestation
– The tiny offspring
complete
development
attached to the
mother’s nipple,
usually inside a
pouch
– Example: kangaroos
Figure 18.22B
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• Most mammals are eutherians, also called
placentals
– They have a relatively
long gestation
– Complete embryonic
development occurs
within the mother
Figure 18.22C
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PHYLOGENY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
18.23 A phylogenetic tree gives animal diversity an
evolutionary perspective
• A traditional phylogenetic tree is based on
patterns of embryonic development and some
fundamental structures
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Porifera
Platyhelminthes
Cnidaria
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
Nematoda
Annelida
Pseudocoelom
PROTOSTOMES
DEUTEROSTOMES
Coelom from
cell masses
Coelom from
digestive tube
No body cavity
Present
day
Echinodermata
True coelom
Body cavity
Radial
symmetry
No true tissues
Bilateral
symmetry
True tissues
Ancestral protists
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Figure 18.23A
Lophotrochozoa
No true tissues
CHORDATA
ECHINODERMATA
Ecdysozoa
Protostomes
Radial symmetry
ARTHROPODA
NEMATODA
ANNELIDA
MOLLUSCA
PLATYHELMINTHES
CNIDARIA
PORIFERA
• A molecularbased tree has
added two
clades within
the
protostomes
Deuterostomes
Bilateral symmetry
True tissues
Ancestral colonial
choanoflagellate
Figure 18.23B
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18.24 Connection: Humans threaten animal
diversity by introducing non-native species
• Introduced species are threatening Australia’s
native animals
Figure 18.24A-D
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BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 18
Extra Photographs
Part B
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Earthworm
Figure 18.10Ax
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• Beetle
Figure 18.13Dx
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• Butterfly metamorphosis: larva (caterpillar),
pupa, emerging adult, adult
Figure 18.13Ex
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• Sea star, Bloodstar
Figure 18.14Ax1
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• Brittle star
Figure 18.14Ax2
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• Cartilaginous fishes: sharks and rays
Figure 18.18Ax
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• Newt
Figure 18.19x
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• Extant reptiles: desert tortoise, lizard, King
snake, alligators
Figure 18.20x1
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• Sea turtle
Figure 18.20x2
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• Banded gecko
Figure 18.20x3
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• Emerald tree boa
Figure 18.20x4
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• Penguins, flightless birds
Figure 18.21Cx
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• Marsupial mouse
Figure 18.22Bx
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Example of segmentation in Mr. Johnson’s Glory
Days
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