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Fig. 15-CO, p. 406
Fig. 15-1, p. 408
Relative concentration
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
Time
(billions of years
ago)
0.5
0
Animals arise
Oxygen begins to accumulate in
the atmosphere
Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get
their start
First microscopic life begins consuming carbon
dioxide
Greenhouse warming due to high carbon dioxide level
compensates for the faint, young sun
Fig. 15-1, p. 408
Fig. 15-2a, p. 409
Fig. 15-2b, p. 409
Fig. 15-2c, p. 409
Table 15-1, p. 409
Fig. 15-3, p. 410
Fig. 15-3a, p. 410
Water out
Spicules
Amoeboid
cell
Pore
Mesoglea
Central
cavity
Flattened
surface
cells
c
Flagellum Microvilli
Nucleus
Water in
d Collar cell
b
Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410
Water out
Spicules
Amoeboid
cell
Pore
Mesoglea
Central
cavity
Flattened
surface
cells
Flagellum Microvilli
Nucleus
Water in
Collar cell
Stepped Art
Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410
Fig. 15-4, p. 411
Fig. 15-5, p. 411
Fig. 15-6a, p. 412
Fig. 15-6b, p. 412
Tentacles with
stinging cells
Epidermal
tissue
Mouth
Digestive
cavity
Interior
partition
Symbiotic
zooxanthellae
Mesenteric
filaments
Layers of
calcium
carbonate
forming a
skeleton
b
Fig. 15-6b, p. 412
Fig. 15-7, p. 413
Box 15-1, p. 414
Fig. 15-8, p. 415
Fig. 15-9, p. 415
Fig. 15-10, p. 416
Clam
Digestive tract
Foot
Snail
Shell
Squid
Fig. 15-10, p. 416
Fig. 15-11, p. 416
Fig. 15-12, p. 416
Fig. 15-13, p. 417
Muscle
Shell
Left
gill
Left
mantle
Muscle
Mouth
Exhalant
flow
Inhalant
flow
Foot Palps
String
of
mucus
Right
mantle
Sand and
debris being
rejected
Inhalant
Fig. 15-13, p. 417
Fig. 15-14, p. 417
Fig. 15-15a, p. 418
Fig. 15-15b, p. 418
Fig. 15-16, p. 418
Size
Vertebrates (with endoskeletons)
Arthropods
(with exoskeletons)
Age
Fig. 15-16, p. 418
Fig. 15-17a, p. 419
Fig. 15-17b, p. 419
Fig. 15-18a, p. 420
Fig. 15-18b, p. 420
Fig. 15-19, p. 421
Sieve
plate
Ring
canal
Radial
canal
Stone
canal
Ampulla
Transverse
canal
Tube feet
Fig. 15-19, p. 421
Fig. 15-20, p. 421
Fig. 15-21a, p. 422
Oral opening
Atrial opening
Pharynx with slits
Fig. 15-21a, p. 422
Fig. 15-21b, p. 422
Fig. 15-22, p. 422
Fig. 15-23, p. 423
LanceletsJawless
Cartilaginous Bony
Tunicates (like
fishes
fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds
fishes
Amphioxus)
Mammals
Recent
135
375
UroCephalo- Ancestral
chordates chordates vertebrates
Ancestral chordates
(probably filter feeders)
500
Millions
of years
ago
Fig. 15-23, p. 423
Fig. 15-24a, p. 424
Fig. 15-24b, p. 424
Fig. 15-25, p. 425
Fig. 15-26, p. 426
Fig. 15-27, p. 426
Fig. 15-28, p. 426
Fig. 15-29, p. 427
Weedy
seadragon
(25 cm, 10 in.)
Moray eel
(1.5 m, 5 ft)
Sunfish
(to 2 m, 6.6 ft)
Redfish
Typical form of
teleost fish
(25 cm, 10 in.)
Lionfish
(15 cm, 6 in.)
Scrawled cowfish
(10 cm, 4 in.)
Fig. 15-29, p. 427
Fig. 15-30a-c, p. 428
Disk
a
Sphere
b
Teardrop
c
Fig. 15-30a-c, p. 428
Fig. 15-30d, p. 428
Fig. 15-31, p. 428
1
3
2
2
1
Path of motion
3
Eel-like fishes
Moving hinge
Path of motion
a
1
2
3
4
5
b Advanced fishes
5
4
3
2
1
Fig. 15-31, p. 428
Fig. 15-32, p. 429
Oxygen-enriched blood Oxygen-poor
blood
a
b
Gill arch
Gill membrane
c
Fig. 15-32, p. 429
Fig. 15-33, p. 430
Salinity of fresh water = 00‰
Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–10‰
Water gain by
osmosis
Internal fluids are
saltier than the
surrounding water
Does not
drink
Salt absorbed by gills
a Freshwater fish
Large volume of
diluted urine removes
excess water
Fig. 15-33a, p. 430
Salinity of seawater = 35‰
Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–14‰
Water loss
by osmosis
Drinks seawater
Salt excreted by
special glands in
gills
External environment
is saltier than body
fluids
Very small amount of urine
produced by kidneys to
conserve water
b Marine fish
Fig. 15-33b, p. 430
Fig. 15-34, p. 431
Fig. 15-35, p. 432
Fig. 15-36, p. 432
Fig. 15-37, p. 433
Fig. 15-38a, p. 435
Fig. 15-38b, p. 435
Fig. 15-39a, p. 436
Humpback whale
Bowhead
whale
Right whale
Minke whale
Blue
whale
Feeding
on krill
Fin whale
Sei whale
Mysticetes
(baleen whales)
Gray whale
Fig. 15-39a, p. 436
Fig. 15-39b, p. 437
Atlantic
Harbor
white-sided porpoise
dolphin
Beluga whale
Cuvier’s beaked
whale
Common
dolphin
Killer whale
Bottle-nosed
dolphin
False killer
whale
Pilot whale
Narwhal
Pygmy sperm
whale
Sperm
whale
Squid
Baird’s beaked whale
0
5
10
15
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Odontocetes (toothed whales)
25
20
70
80
30 m
90 100 ft
Fig. 15-39b, p. 437
Fig. 15-40, p. 438
Returning echoes
Short highfrequency
sound pulses
Fig. 15-40, p. 438
Fig. 15-41a, p. 439
Fig. 15-41b, p. 439
Fig. 15-42, p. 439
Fig. 15-43a, p. 440
Fig. 15-43b, p. 440
Fig. 15-44, p. 441
Fig. 15-45, p. 441
Fig. 15-46, p. 442