Download Astrangia poculata/danae

Marine Invertebrates
Marine Invertebrates
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Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
Kingdom Animalia (animals)
No vertebra (backbone)
97% of all animal species on earth
Phylogenetics
Protostomes
(mouth first)
Deuterostomes
(mouth second)
Embryo cell division
simple ---------------------------- complex
Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
Pelagic vs. Benthic Zones
Suspension vs. Deposit Feeding
Sponges
 Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”)
 Structurally simple
 No true tissues or organs
 Aggregate of 4+ kinds of cells
 Most distinguishing – collar cell
(filter feeding)
 Spicules (CaCO3 or SiO2), spongin
(protein mesh) internal skeleton
 No symmetry (asymmetry)
Sponges
spongin
 Active suspension
feeders (filter feeders)
 Benthic
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/03180007.jpg
Sponges
 Can reaggregate, regenerate
Sponges
 Reproduction:
 Asexual
 Break,
regenerate
 Sexual
 Broadcast
sperm
 Internal
fertilization
 Planktonic
larvae
http://www.sars.no/images/adamska_Research_Figure3.jpg
http://www.oceanicresearch.org/jpegs/spawning_sponge.jpg
Sponges
 Phylum Porifera – 3 classes:
 Class Calcarea (CaCO3 spicules)
 Class Hexactinellida (SiO2 spicules,
glass sponges)
 Class Demospongiae (spongin,
maybe SiO2 spicules, 95% of all
sponges)
Sponges – Different Shapes
Flat, encrusting
Finger, rope
Tube, vase, barrel
Ball
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/OPG/bahiahonda/photos/BAH-loggerhead-sponge.jpg
http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/science/benthic/bc37a.jpg
Sponges – More Variety
“fire”→
← calcareous
http://phage.sdsu.edu/imagery/gallery/images/full/opantos_205643651075.jpg
http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/gallery/livingocean/livingocean.html
http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/oee/vcd/photos/xmarine.html
http://www.aquaticvideo.com/reef_creatures_web/images/
Glass Sponges
 Silicon spicules
 Deep-sea, cold
http://www.science.widener.edu/~schultz/canon_10d/glass_sponge3.jpg
http://www.naturalsciences.org/education/deepsea/images/
Long Island Sponges
← Red beard sponge (Microciona prolifera)
Finger sponge
(Haliclona oculata)
Tufted vase sponge
(Scypha ciliata)
← Boring sponge (Cliona sp.)
http://www.mbl.edu/marine_org/images/animals/images/microciona.2.jpg
http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-wale-cliona-celata-beta-wl.JPG
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock8l.jpg
http://www.seamasters.be/images/bio/Peter/zakspons(vanBragt).jpg
Cnidarians
 Phylum Cnidaria
 Stinging cells (nematocysts) for
defense and feeding
 Radial symmetry
 True tissues, but no organs
 Planktonic (medusa) or benthic
(polyp) – some alternate
Cnidarians
Body orientation:
 Medusa –
tentacles down
 Polyp –
tentacles up
Radial
symmetry:
 body with gut
 central mouth
 circle of
tentacles
Cnidarians
Tissue layers:
 Epidermis (outer)
 Gastrodermis
(inner, digestive)
 Mesoglea
(middle, jelly)
 No organs
Cnidarians
http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent/images/nematocyst.gif
Cnidarians
 Phylum Cnidaria – 4 classes:
 Class Hydrozoa – hydroids, some
jellyfish, siphonophores, “fire coral”
 Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish
 Class Scyphozoa – most jellyfish
 Class Anthozoa – anemones, corals
Hydroids
Pink-hearted hydroids (Tubuleria sp.)
Snail fur (Hydractinia echinata)→
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/pink_hearted_hydroids.jpg
http://i1.treknature.com/photos/2550/img029.jpg
http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/cnidaria/hydech.jpg
Siphonophores
http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/plankton.html
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm
http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent5/blowups/b_bargmannia_sp.jpg
Hydrozoan
Jellyfish
Ribbed hydromedusa (Aequorea sp.)
NOAA
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40108000/jpg/_40108958_velella203.jpg
http://www.reefs.org/library/aquarium_net/1097/images/p_penici.jpg
Cubozoan Jellyfish
http://www.australianfauna.com/images/irukandjijellyfish.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/images/Carybdea_sivickisi_Guam.jpg
Scyphozoan
Jellyfish
Lion’s mane (Cyanea capillata) Sea nettle (Chrysaora spp.)
NOAA
Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hershman/253773774/
http://www.njscuba.net/etc/cozumel/images/03220047.jpg
http://www.itchyfeet.org/roatan/upsidedown.jpg
Anemones
Frilled anemone
(Metridium senile)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock7l.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/69/186245645_0bcd7af4ab.jpg?v=0
http://www.sherrysknowledgequest.com/Percula2a.jpg
http://home.comcast.net/~milazinkova/Fogshadow.html
Soft Hexacorals
http://www.coralreefecosystems.com/images/blzoos.jpg
http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/
http://oc-creative.com/7gal/SteveBOXzoos5.jpg
Tropical Reef-Building Corals
http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/
NOAA
Temperate & Deep Reef Corals
(Acropora pruinosa – Japan)
(Oculina arbuscula – Atlantic to NC)
(Lophelia pertusa – North Atlantic, deep) (Astrangia poculata/danae – Atlantic, inc. LI)
http://whelk.aims.gov.au/coralsearch/html/401-500/Species%20pages/468.htm
http://www.lophelia.org/images/jpeg/43570008_cropped.jpg
http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/05/coral.jpg
http://www.southernct.edu/includes/images.php?src=news_images&imgid=656
Octocorals
http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Coral/images/20050303-113902.JPG
Cnidarian Reproduction
 Spawning of eggs and sperm (Anthozoans)
 Alternate between planktonic (sexual) and
benthic (asexual) stages (other 3 classes)
 All have planktonic ciliated larva (planula)
http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/images/figures/Figure_4.gif
http://people.uncw.edu/szmanta/crbio_slides/crebioslides.html
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab03/Aurelia-planula+SEM.gif
Comb Jellies
 Phylum Ctenophora
 Cilia combs (8 rows), prism effect
 Sticky cells (colloblasts), usually on
2 tentacles
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/260181162_b466c4c8b9.jpg?v=0
Comb Jellies
 Biradial symmetry (radial/bilateral)
 True tissues, but not true organs
 All marine, almost all planktonic
 Important predators of
copepods and larval
organisms
 Large numbers around
Long Island
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Comb Jellies
NOAA
NOAA
http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/plankton/Velamen.jpg
http://www.coml.org/medres/img/figure_18full.jpg
http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/animals/radiata/ctenophora/beroe4.jpg
Phylogenetics
Protostomes
(mouth first)
Deuterostomes
(mouth second)
Embryo cell division
simple ---------------------------- complex
Worms, Worms, and More Worms
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Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Ribbon worms (Nemertea)
Roundworms (Nematoda)
Peanut worms (Sipuncula)
Echiuran worms (Echiura)
Segmented worms (Annelida)
Flatworms
 Phylum Platyhelminthes
 Simplest phylum with true organs,
organ systems, bilateral symmetry
 Central nervous system (brain)
 No respiratory system (diffusion)
 Incomplete digestive tract (food,
waste through same opening)
Flatworms
 Turbellarians – free-living, colorful,
mostly
benthic
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-4a/Class_Turbellaria_1/Lab_4a-01a.jpg
Flatworms
 Flukes, tapeworms – parasitic
http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20031208/87d4bff74e41427cb278526bd9cbe76a/5260_lores.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png/320px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png
Segmented Worms
 Phylum Annelida
 Segmented body
 Circulatory system (some gills)
 Mostly benthic
 Most marine species are polychaetes
(bristle worms)
 Others:
 Oligochaetes (earthworms)
 Leeches
Segmented Worms
 Parapodia – appendages for locomotion
 Setae – bristles
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg7.htm
Segmented Worms
Frozen methane hydrate
with “ice worms”
http://webmineral.com/specimens/Methanehydrate.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg/800px-Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg
Segmented Worms
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition6/daily/ss020602/6.jpg
http://storesense2.megawebservers.com/stores/h/HS2651/catalog/christmas-tree-worm.jpg
Segmented Worms
 Hydrothermal vent,
cold seep tube worms
 Formerly Phylum
Pogonophora
 No mouth, gut, or
digestive system
 Absorb nutrients
directly from water
or from internal
symbiotic
chemosynthetic
bacteria
Segmented Worms
http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E84896E2-2F7E-4D2A-9D46-366B50558303/87497/p5365dop.jpg
Segmented Worms
Osedax mucofloris,
bone (“zombie”) worm
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm
http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/whalefall.html
Segmented Worms
 Leeches not as common
in the ocean as freshwater
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm
http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/images/parasites5.gif
http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/weisblat/media/AEBPARlifz1.jpg