Download Chapters 17-18

Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Primary decomposers
– (except for yeasts)
– Along with bacteria
• Some parasitic
• Some predatory
• Some form symbiotic
relationships
• All are spore formers
Fungal Parasites
• Parasitic to plants
– Hyphae absorb
photosynthetic products
• Parasitic to animals
– Hyphae capture and feed on
nematodes and protists
• Symbiotic with algae
or bacteria
– Fungi get food from
photosynthesizing
algae
– Algae get protection
from drying out
Kingdom Plantae
• Food production and O2
• Bryophytes – mosses
– Transition from water to land
– Lack vascular system
• Ferns
– Seedless vascular plants; but still need water to fertilize
• Gymnosperms – conifers (e.g., pines, spruce)
– Seeds not encased in fruit
– fertilize by wind-blown pollen
• Angiosperms – flowering plants
– Seeds encased in fruit (promote seed dispersal)
– e.g., flowers, grains, oaks, cactus…
Kingdom Animalia
•
•
•
•
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Lack cell walls
Embryology
– Blastula stage
Phylum Porifera
• Sponges
• Habitat
– Mostly marine, few
freshwater
• Body plan = asymmetry
• Filter feeder
• Cellular level (lacks true
tissues and organs)
• Reproduction
– Sexual and Asexual
Phylum Cnidaria (nigh-dare-ia)
• Jellyfish, sea anemones,
coral
• Nearly all marine
• Radial symmetry
• Two forms: medusa
(swimming) and polyp
• Tissue level
• Reproduction
– Sexual and budding
• Stinging cells
– cnidocytes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms
• Marine, freshwater,
or moist land
• Bilateral symmetry
• Organ level
• Reproduction:
hermaphrodites
– Asexual and
Sexual
• Many parasitic
Phylum Nematoda
• Roundworms
• All environments
• Complete gut
– Have mouth and
anus
• Reproduction
– Always sexual
• Many parasitic
Phylum Mollusca
• Gastropods (Snails,
slugs)
• Bivalves (oysters,
clams, mussels)
• Cephalopods (squid,
cuttlefish, octopus)
• Marine, freshwater,
moist land
• Secretes shell
• Locomotive foot
Phylum Annelida
• Segmented worms
– Repetitive body parts
– Hydrostatic skeleton
• Flexibility and strength
– Earthworms
– Leeches
• Marine, moist land,
and some freshwater
• Bilateral symmetry
• Some parasitic
Phylum Arthropoda
• Insects, spiders,
crabs, shrimp,
centipedes
• Aquatic and land
• External skeleton
• Jointed bilateral
appendages
• Segmented body
• Open circulatory
system
Phylum Echinodermata
• Spiny skin
• Sea stars, sea
urchins, sea
cucumbers
• All marine; mostly
benthic (sea floor)
• Radial symmetry
• Some regenerate
asexually
Phylum chordata
• Vertebrates, lancelets,
sea squirts
• All environments
• Notochord
– Flexible rod-like structure
• Dorsal nerve cord
– Tube for nerves
• Pharyngeal gill slits
– Respiration and feeding
• Post-anal tail
– Reabsorbed in some
species
Sea squirts
• Primitive chordate
– All chordate
characters as freeswimming larva
– Loses post-anal tail
• Sessile adults
• Filter feeder
• Compound, colonial,
or solitary
Fish
• Class Chondricthyes
– Cartilagenous fishes
• Sharks, rays, and
skates
• Class Osteichthyes
– Bony fish
• Gives rise to
tetrapods
– Four-limbed
vertebrates
• Two chamber heart
Class Amphibia
• First terrestrial
vertebrates
• Frogs, salamanders,
newts
• Requires moist
environments at least
• Most lose post anal
tail & gill slits
• External fertilization
• Three chamber heart
Class Reptilia
• Dinosaurs, turtles, lizards,
snakes, crocodiles,
alligators
• Evolved from amphibians
• First sign of amniotic egg
– Key to transition to land
– Keeps embryo moist
• Internal fertilization
• Tough, scaly skin
– Prevents desiccation
Class Aves (Birds)
• Descendants of
reptiles
• Adapted for flight
–
–
–
–
Feathers
Wings
Light bones
Flight
muscles/breastbone
• Four-chamber heart
• Extensive respiratory
system
Class Mammalia
• Brain sizes are larger per
pound of body weight than
most other animals'.
• Mammals have more efficient
control over their body
temperatures than do birds.
• Hair provides insulation.
• Mammary glands provide milk
to nourish the young.
• Teeth are specialized for
cutting, shearing or grinding;
thick enamel helps prevent
teeth from wearing out.
Order Monotremata
• Egg laying
mammals
– Australia & New
Zealand
– Only 2 Families
living
• Platypus
• Echidna
Order Marsupialia
• Pouched mammals
– Born in the
embryonic stage;
finish outside the
mothers body
(pouch)
– Largely Australian
• Koala, Kangaroo,
Tasmanian Devil
– Few North
American
• opossum
Placental Mammals
• Embryos nourished by
placenta for extended
gestation periods
– 9 mos. = human
– 2 yrs. = elephant
• 12 Orders that include:
– Bats, horses, whales,
rodents, cats, dogs, and
primates (monkeys, apes,
& humans)