Download 1.Pila globosa

BIODIVERSITY
• DEFINITION : The wide range of
variations among the living organisms of
the world is termed as Biodiversity.
• STEPS :
• 1.Diversity in ecosystem.
• 2. Diversity within species.
• 3. Diversity between species.
FACTORS OF BIODIVERSITY
Important factors are given below :
1. Climate.
2. Area and Territory.
3. Geographical condition of the earth.
IMPORTANCE.
1. Ecosystem.
2. Economic importance.
3. Ecological balance.
CAUSES OF LOSS OF
BIODIVERSITY
• NATURAL CAUSES.
• 1. Prolong draught.
• 2. Irregular / Less rainfall.
• 3. High rainfall.
• 4. Flood.
• 5. Earth quake.
• 6. Forest fire .
• MAN MADE CAUSES.
• 1. Deforestation.
• 2. Filling up of marsh /wet lands.
• 3. Introduction of hybreed.
• 4. Lack of knowledge about the
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importance of biodiversity.
• 5. Hunting.
• 6. Using of chemicals as fertilizer and
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pesticide.
• 7. construction of dams.
IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
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MEASURES FOR THE CONSERVATION
1. Restoration of habitats.
2. Establishment of Parks / Zoos / Sanctua ries.
3. Use of lands.
4. To stop filling of low / marshy / wet lands.
5. Forestation.
6. Dredging of rivers.
7. Fishing.
8. Hunting
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
• PHYLUM : SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
• 1. Pseudopodia / Flagella +
• 2. Nuclei monomorphic.
• 3. Reproduction -Sexually / Asexually.
• 4 No spore formation.
CLASS : PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA
• CHARACTERS ;
• 1. Chlorophyl +
• 2. Autotrophic in nature.
• 3. No. of flagella 1 / 2 .
• EXAM : 1. Euglena viridis.
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2. Volvox xobator.
CLASS : ZOOMASTIGOPHORA
• CHARACTERS .
• 1. No chlorophyl.
• 2. Flagella more than one.
• 3. Mostly parasitic.
• EXAM.
• 1. Giardia intestinalis.
• 2. Trypanosoma gambiense.
• CLASS: OPALINATA.
• 1. Cilia arranged in oblique rows on the surface
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of the whole body.
EXAM. 1. Opalina ranarum.
CLASS : LOBOSA.
1. Blunt pseudopodia / Thread like rhizoids +
2. No axial filament.
3. Free living / parasitic.
EXAM : 1. Amoeba proteus. 2. E. histolytica.
• CLAS S: HELIOZOA.
• 1. Pseudopodia axopod type.
• 2. Axial filament +
• 3. Body is covered with test
• EXAM : 1. Actinophrys sol.
PHYLUM : LABYRINTHOMORPHA
• CHARACTERS:
• 1. All are parasitic.
• 2. Spindle shaped / roundish.
• 3. Species form zoospore.
• EXAM : 1. Labyrinthula.
PHYLUM : APICOMPLEXA
• CHARACTERS.
• 1. Parasitic.
• 2. Apical complex is present.
• 3. No cilia.
• 4. Reproduce by Syngamy.
• EXAM : 1. Perkinsus Sp.
• xCLASS : PERKINSEA
• 1. Sporozoite with flagella.
• 2. No sexual reproduction.
• EXAM : 1. Perkinsus sp.
• CLASS : SPOROZOA>
• 1. Sexual / Asexual reproduction +
• 2. Oocysts are found.
• EXAM : 1. P. vivax.
• PHYLUM : MIXOZOA
• 1.Insect like appearance.
• 2. Ciliated.
• EXAM : 1. Rhopalura.
• PHYLUM :MICROSPORA>
• 1. Spores are present.
• 2. Sporocyst may be present.
• 3. Parasite in invertebrate.
• EXAM : 1. Nosema.
• PHYLUM : ASCETOSPORA.
• 1. Spores are unicellular / Multicellular.
• 2. Spores are with one / more
sporoplasms.
• 3. Parasite both in invertebrate /
vertebrate.
• EXAM : 1. Haplosporidium.
PHYLUM : CILIOPHORA
• CHARACTERS :
• 1. Cilia +
• 2. Macro / Micro Nuclei +
• 3. Pellicular alveoli +
• CLASSES :
• 1. Kineto pharage minophorea.
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a) Oral cilia not distinct.
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b) Cytosome apical or midventral.
• EXAM : 1. Balantodium coli.
• CLASS : OLIGO HYMENOPHOREA
• 1. Oral cilia distinct.
• 2. Ventral cytosome
• EXAM : 1. P. caudatum.
• CLASS : POLYMENOPHOREA>
• 1. Cilia +
• 2. Uniform body .
• EXAM : 1. Stentor coeruleus.
PHYLUM : PORIFERA
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CHARACTERS
1. Pores “ ostia “ + on the body .
2. Tissue formation +
3. Difft types of cells +
4. Spicules +
5. No organ system
6 . No mouth
7. No digestive system.
8. Fresh water / marine .
• CLASS- 1. CALCAREA.
• 1. Calcarious spicules +
• 2. Spicules are niddle / 3 / 4 rayed .
• 3. 3 types canal system +
• 4. All marine .
• EXAM : 1. Sycon gelatinosum.
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CLASS : HEXACTINELLIDA
1. Siliceous spicules +
2. Spicules are 6 rayed.
3. Body funnel shaped or cylindrical.
4. Spicules are united and formed net.
5. Syconoid / Leuconoid c system +.
6. All are marine.
EXAM : 1. Hyalonema longissimum.
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CLASS : DEMOSPONGIAE.
1. Silicous spicules +
2. Spicules are 1 / 4 rayed
3. Spicules are spongied.
4. Leuconoid C. System +
5. Body is coloured .
6 . Marine / fresh water
EXAM : 1. Spongilla locustris
PHYLUM : CNIDARIA
• CHARACTERS.
• 1. Diploblastic animal.
• 2. Radially symmetry.
• 3. Gastrovascular cavity +
• 4. Cnidoblast cells are +.
• 5. Mouth is encircled by tenyacles.
• 6. Polyp and medusa +
• Exam. 1. Hydra vulgaris.
• CLASS : HYDROZOA
• 1. Body is covered with Perisarc.
• 2. Both polyp and medusa are present.
• 3. germ cells developed from ectoderm.
• Exam : 1. Hydra vulgaris. 2. Obelia
geniculata.
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CLASS : SCYPHOZOA
1. Polyploid stage either absent or short.
2. Medusa bell shaped.
3. No velum.
4. Germ layers developed from ectoderm.
All marine.
EXAM : 1.Aurelia aurita
• CLASS : ANTHOZOA
• 1. Medusoid stage is absent.
• 2. All polyps.
• 3. Mouth is surrounded by tentacles.
• EXAM . 1. Metridium senil. 2. Gorgonia
verrucosa.
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PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA.
1. Biradially symmetrical.
2. No nematocyst.
3. 8 radial hair comb +
4. If tentacles + do not encircle the mouth.
5. Free swimming and marine.
EXAM : 1. Hormiphora plumosa. 2. Ctenoplana
sp.
• CLASS : TENTACULATA
• 1. No of tentacles 2 .
• EXAM : 1. Hormiphora. plumosa
• CLASS : NUDA
• 1. No tentacle.
• EXAM : 1. Beroe sp.
PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
• CHARACTERS
• 1. Acoelomate animal.
• 2. Bilaterally symmetrical animal.
• 3. 3 germinal layers +
• 4. Alimentary canal +
• 5. No anus.
• 6. Flame cells acts as excretory organ.
• 7. Mostly parasitic.
• EXAM : 1. Taenia solium. 2. F. hepatica.
• CLASS : Terbellaria.
• 1. Body is covered with thick cuticle.
• 2. Sucker +
• 3. No hook.
• 4. More than one larval stage +
• EXAM : 1. Dugesia tigrina.
• CLASS : CESTODA
• 1. Body is tape or ribone like.
• 2. 800-900 segments are + in the body.
• 3. Scolex is + on the head.
• 4. No alimentary canal.
• 5. All are parasitic.
• EXAM : 1. Taenia solium.
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CLASS : APHASMIDA
1. No phasmid.
2. Coelomocytes well developed.
3. Mostly free living.
EXAM : 1. Trichinella spiralis.
CLASS : PHASMIDA
1. Phasmids are +
2. Coelomocytes are 4-6 .
3. Mostly parasitic.
EXAM : 1.Ascaris lumbricoides
PHYLUM : NEMATHELMINTHES
• CHARACTERS.
• 1. Long / round / unsegmented / cylindrical
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body.
2. Alimentary canal complete.
3. Cilia absent.
4. Pseudocoelomate animal.
5. Free living / Parasitic.
EXAM : 1. A. lumbricoides.
PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
• CHARACTERS.
• 1.Body elongated , cylindrical,
metamerically segmented .
• 2. Coelomate animal.
• 3. Excretory organ is nephridia.
• EXAM : 1. P. posthuma.
• CLASS : POLYCHAETA.
• 1. Head is distinct and with tentacles and
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eyes.
• 2. Locomotory organ is parapodia.
• 3. No clitellum.
• 4. Trocophore larva is +
• 5. Mostly marine.
• EXAM : 1. Neanthes limnicola.
• CLASS : OLIGOCHAETA
• 1. Head is not distinct.
• 2. Clitellum is +
• 3. Setae is +
• 4. No larval stage
• EXAM : 1. Metaphire posthuma.
• CLASS : HIRUDINEA
• 1.Head indistinct.
• 2. Clitellum is distinct.
• 3. No setae or parapodia.
• 4. Sucker is +
• EXAM : 1. Hirudo medicinalis.
PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA
• CHARACTERS
• 1. Segmented body .
• 2. Appendages jointed.
• 3. Haemocoelate animal.
• 4. Excretory organ is Malpighian tubules.
• 5. Bilaterally symmetrical animal.
• EXAM : 1. Apis indica.
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CLASS : INSECTA
1. Body is divided in to 3 regions like
Head, Thorax,and Abdomen.
2. Respiration by Trachea.
3. Wings are 2 pairs.
4. Legs are 3 pairs .
5. No appendages in abdomen.
EXAM : 1. Apis indica .
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CLASS : CRUSTACEA
1. Body is divided in to two regions like
,Cephalothorax and abdomen.
2. Cephalothorax is covered by Carapace
3. Biramous appendages +
4. Head appendages are Antenna, Maxilla and
Mandible.
5. Telson and Uropod +
EXAM : 1. Palaemon carcinus.
• CLASS : ARACHNIDA
• 1. Body is divided in to 2 regions like
Cephalothorax and Abdomen.
• 2. Legs are 4 pairs .
• 3. Respiration by Gills ,Trachea and
Booklungs.
• EXAM : 1. Limulus polyphemus.
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CLASS : MYRIAPODA
1. Commonly known as Centipedes, Mellipeds.
2. Body is long ,cylindrical and With
large number of segments.
3. Each segment is with one pair of legs.
4. Legs are uniramous.
EXAM : 1. Julus terrestris .
PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA
• CHARACTERS
• 1. Soft bodied animal.
• 2. Body is covered by hard shell /mantle.
• 3. Unsegmented body.
• 4. Muscular foot is +
• 5. Terrestrial / Marine / Fresh water.
• EXAM : 1. Pila globosa.
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CLASS : CAUDOFOVEATA
1. Body worm like.
2. No shell.
3 . No head.
4. No excretory organ.
5. Calcareous scales +
6. Sexes separate.
EXAM : 1. Chaetoderma nitidulum.
• CLASS : SOLENOGASTRES
• 1.Body worm like.
• 2. No head.
• 3. No shell.
• 4. No excretory organ.
• 5. Harmaphrodite.
• EXAM : 1. Neomenia carinata.
• CLASS : MONOPLACOPHORA
• 1. Shell made up of single plate.
• 2. Mantle cavity with 5 / 6 gills.
• 3. Radula +
• 4. 6 pairs nephridia +
• 5. Sexes separate.
• EXAM : 1. Neopilina galatheae.
• CLASS : POLYPLACOPHORA
• 1. Shell made up of 8 plates.
• 2. Dorsoventrally flattened body.
• 3. Trochophore larva +
• EXAM : 1, Chiton tuberlatus.
• CLASS : SCAPHOPODA
• 1.Tubular shell opens at both ends.
• 2. Foot conical.
• 3. Mouth with radula and tentacles.
• 4. Trochophore larva +
• EXAM : 1.Dentalium verneda.
• CLASS : GASTROPODA
• 1. Body is asymmetrical.
• 2. Body is coiled shell of one olate.
• 3. Head is well developed with radula.
• 4. Foot is large and flat.
• EXAM : 1.Pila globosa.
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CLASS : BIVALVIA
1. Shell is of two lateral valves.
2. Mantle two lobed.
3. Head is reduced.
4. Mouth with labial palps.
5. No radula.
6. Gills are plate like.
EXAM : 1. Lamellidens marginalis.
• CLASS : CEPHALOPODA
• 1. Head is well developed.
• 2. Shell reduced / remain inside / absent.
• 3. Feet modified into siphon.
• 3. Development Direct.
• EXAM : 1. Octopus vulgaris.
PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA
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CHARACTERS
1. Body unsegmented.
2. Radial / pentamerous symmetry.
3. Spines on the body.
4. Locomotion by tube feet.
5. Water vascular system +
6. All are marine.
EXAM : 1. Asterias rubens.
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CLASS : CRiNOIDEA
1. Body cup like with calyx.
2. Arms branched.
3. Open ambulacral grooves.
4. No madreporite.
5. Mouth and anus are on the oral surface.
EXAM : 1.Antedon bifida.
• CLASS : CONCENTRICYCLOIDEA
• 1. Body disc like with marginal spines.
• 2. No arms
• 3. No anus.
• 4. Gut + / • EXAM : 1. Xyloplax medusiformis.
• CLASS : ASTEROIDEA
• 1. Body star shaped.
• 2. Open ambulacral groove.
• 3. Tube feet is on oral side.
• 4. Aboral anus and madreporite.
• EXAM : 1. Asterias rubens.
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CLASS : OPHIUROIDEA
1. Body star shaped.
2. Closed ambulacral grooves.
3. Tube feet + but is not used for locomotion.
4. No anus .
5 No pedicellariae.
EXAM : 1. Ophiderma.
• CLASS ; ECHINOIDEA
• 1. Body covered by calcareous shell.
• 2. No arms .
• 3. Closed ambulacral grooves.
• 4. Tube feet with suckers.
• 5. Pedicellariae +
• EXAM : 1. Echinus esculentus.
• CLASS : HOLOTHUROIDEA
• 1. Body tubular / cucumber like.
• 2. Bilaterally symmetrical.
• 3. Tube feet with sucker.
• 4. Closed ambulacral groove.
• 5. Pedicellariae • EXAM : 1. frondo Cucumariasa.
PHYLUM : CHORDATA
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CHARACTERS
1. Notochord +
2. Nerve cord +
3. Gill slits +
4. Permanently bilateral symmetry.
5. Tail may / may not persist.
6. Closed blood vascular system.
EXAM : 1. Homo sapiens.
SUB-PHYLUM : UROCHORDATA
• CHARACTERS
• 1. Body is incased in a semi transparent
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test.
• 2. Larvae freeliving and sessile.
• 3. Notochord is found in larval stage.
• 4. Marine , solitary / colonial.
• EXAM : 1. Ascidia andamensis.
• CLASS : ASCIDIACEA
• 1. Body bag / sac like.
• 2. Tunic is thick.
• 3. Many gills slits +
• 4. In adult notochord degenerates.
• EXAM : 1. Ascidia andamensis.
• CLASS : APPENDICULAREA
• 1. Floating and free swimming tunicates.
• 2. Gill-slits 1 pair.
• 3. No atriopore.
• EXAM : 1. Oikopluora albicans.
• CLASS : SORBERACEA
• 1. All features of ascidians are +
• EXAM : 1. Octonemus ingolfi.
• CLASS : THALIACEA
• 1. Body contains muscles.
• 2. Tunic is thin and transparent.
• 3. Mouth pore and atriopore are on the
opposite side.
• EXAM : 1. Doliolum danticulatum.
SUB- PHYLUM :
CEPHALOCHORDATA
• CHARACRTERS
• 1. Notochord and nerve cord + along
the entire body and persists through out
life.
• 2. Gill- slits many.
• 3. Atriopore in the front of the anus.
• 4. Oralhood with oralcirri.
• EXAM : 1. Branchiostoma lanceolatum.
SUB- PHYLUM : VERTEBRATA
• CLASS : MYXINI
• 1. Body eel like .
• 2. Skin nacked.
• 3. Mouth placed terminally.
• 4. 4 pairs of tentacles + in the mouth.
• 5. 5-15 pairs of gill pouches +
• EXAM : 1. Myxine glutinosa.
• CLASS : CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
• 1. Body eel like and slender.
• 2. Skin naked .
• 3. Sucker like oral disc +
• 4. Teeth well developed.
• 5. 7 pairs of gill pouches +
• EXAM : 1. Petromyzon marinus.
• CLASS : CHONDRICHTHYES
• 1. Endoskeleton cartilagenous.
• 2. Skin with placoid scales.
• 3. Tail heterocircal.
• 4. Mouth is ventral.
• 5. 5-7 pairs gills +
• EXAM : 1. Scoliodon sorrakowah.
CLASS : OSTEICHTHYES
1. Bony endoskeleton.
2. Paired / unpaired fins +
3. Homocircal tail.
4. Scales are cycloid / ctenoid / ganoid .
5. Gills are covered with operculum.
6. Swim blader +
EXAM : 1. Labeo ruhita.
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CLASS : AMPHIBIA
1. Amphibiotic animal.
2. Skin moist and naked.
3. Heart 3 chambered.
4. Ectothermic / poikilothermic.
5. Respiration by gills / skin / lungs / b.
pharynx.
EXAM : 1. Bufo melanostictus
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CLASS : REPTILIA
1. Skin dry.
2. Walking by chest.
3. Heart incomplitely 4 chambered.
4. Ectothermic / poikilothermal.
5. No larval stage.
6. Respiration by lungs.
EXAM : 1. Naja naja
• CLASS : AVES
• 1. Body is covered by feathers.
• 2. Fore limb is modified into wings.
• 3. Jaws modified into beak.
• 4. Bones hollow.
• 5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal.
• 6. Heart 4 chambered.
• 7. Air sacs +
• EXAM : 1. Corvus splendens.
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CLASS : MAMMALIA
1. Body covered with hairs.
2. Youngs nourished with milk.
3. Teeth diphyodont / Heterodont / Thecodont.
4. Diapharagm +
5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal.
6. Testis is in scotum.
7. Heart 4 chambered.
8 . 12 pairs cranial nerves .
EXAM : 1. Homo sapiens.