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Download Intro to animal kingdom Lab - OG
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Characteristics that differentiate animals: • Levels of organization (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems) • Body symmetry (none, radial or bilateral) • Germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) • Body cavity (acoelom, pseudocoelom, coelom) • Type of body: Segmentation (repeating parts), cephalization (getting a head), limb formation (legs, flippers, wings) • Systems (digestive, circulatory), Reproduction (asexual or sexual), Homeostasis (body temperature) • Type of skeleton (endo- or exoskeleton) Levels of Organization Specialized cells Body Symmetry Asymmetrical (none) Germ Layers Absent Body Cavity ---- Embryological Development ---- Segmentation Absent Cephalization Absent • Incomplete digestive system – filter feeders • Invertebrates • Asexual and sexual reproduction • Examples: sponges Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues Body Symmetry Radial Germ Layers Two Body Cavity Acoelom (gastrovascular cavity digests and circulates nutrients) Embryological Development ---- Segmentation Absent Cephalization Absent • Invertebrates • Examples: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, coral Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues, organs Body Symmetry Bilateral Germ Layers Three Body Cavity Acoelom (Gastrovascular cavity digests and circulates nutrients) Embryological Development Protostome Segmentation Absent Cephalization Present! Can you see the head of these flatworms? • Invertebrates • Flattened body • Includes many parasites • Examples: planaria, tapeworms, many parasites Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues, organs Body Symmetry Bilateral Germ Layers 3 germ layers Body Cavity Pseudocoelom Embryological Development Protostome Segmentation Absent Cephalization Present (look for the mouth) • Have a mouth and anus • Sexual reproduction • Ex: Ascaris is a parasitic roundworm that lives in intestines of pigs and humans Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues, organs Body Symmetry Bilateral Germ Layers Three Body Cavity True coelom (complete digestive system) Embryological Development Protostome Segmentation Present (ring-like segments) Cephalization Present • Primitive circulatory system • Reproductive openings • Ex: earthworms, leeches Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues, organs Body Symmetry Bilateral Germ Layers Three Body Cavity True coelom Embryological Development Protostome Segmentation No segmentation Cephalization Present • Some can move with a muscular foot Chitons Snails, slugs Clams and oysters Squids and octopi Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues, organs Body Symmetry Bilateral Germ Layers Three Body Cavity True coelom Embryological Development Protostome Segmentation Segmented body – head, thorax, abdomen Cephalization Present • Most successful animal phylum based on species diversity and distribution • Invertebrates • Jointed appendages • Exoskeleton • Examples: insects, spiders, butterflies, crustaceans (lobster, crab), grasshoppers Levels of Organization Specialized cells, tissues, organs Body Symmetry Radial (as adults) Germ Layers Three Body Cavity True coelom Embryological Development Deuterostome Segmentation Absent Cephalization Absent (as adults) • Invertebrates • Arms, and tube feet • Complete digestive tract • Closed circulatory system • Ex: Starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar, sea cucumber • Mostly vertebrates (includes invertebrate chordates too) • Animals in this phylum have a dorsal hollow nerve cord (eventually becomes spinal cord) • Don’t necessarily have a bony vertebral column • Simple circulatory system Sea squirts • Examples of some invertebrate chordates: sea squirts, tunicates • Ex. of vertebrate chordates in upcoming stations (10-17) Tunicates (Vertebrates) Key Characteristics: - Notochord replaced by cartilage or bony vertebral column - 7 Major Classes within Vertebrata: 1. Agnatha (jawless fish) 2. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) 3. Osteichthyes (bony fish) 4. Amphibia (amphibians) 5. Reptilia (reptiles) 6. Aves (birds) 7. Mammalia (mammals) • No jaws • No scales – have SKIN! • 7 or 12 gill slits • Continuous median fin The hagfish is black • Examples: Hagfish (body made of collagen - rare) Lamprey (has vertebrae) • Flexible skeleton of cartilage • Jaws and paired appendages • Lateral line sensory system • Scales • 5 gill slits • Ex: sharks, rays • Bony skeleton • Operculum (flap) protecting gills and allows fish to breathe without swimming • Scales • Different position of fins and mouth • Swim bladder (derivative of lung) • Ex: Eels, salmon, carp, catfish, walleye, cod • Larva with functional gills • Eggs deposited in water • Undergo metamorphosis • Develop lungs • Four limbs •Ex: frogs, toads, salamanders, newts Tadpole • Internal fertilization • Amniotic egg • No larval stage • Breathe air (lungs) • Ectothermic (cold blooded) • Epidermal scales • Ex: turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards • Forelimbs modified to wings • Feathers • Hollow bones • Lay shelled eggs • Endothermic (warm blooded) • Ex: eagles, blue jays, pelicans, etc. • Mammary glands (produce milk) • Hair or fur • Endothermic (warm blooded) • Examples: humans, cats, dogs, squirrels, horses, etc.
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