Download Ch 22 Inverts

Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates
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Animal Key Features
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Anatomical Branch Points on the
Animal Evolutionary Tree
• An evolutionary tree of some major
animal phyla (F22.1 p. 424)
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ecdysozoans
Cnidaria
Porifera
(sponges) (jellyfish,
corals,
anemones)
Ctenophora
(comb
jellies)
bilateral
protostomes
lophotrochozoans
Nematoda
Arthropoda
(roundworms) (insects,
arachnids,
crustaceans)
Platyhelminthes
(flatworms)
Annelida
(segmented
worms)
deuterostomes
Mollusca
(clams,
snails,
octopods)
Echinodermata
(sea stars,
sea urchins)
cuticle molted
protostome development
radial symmetry
no tissues
tissues
Sponges: Lack Tissues
deuterostome development
bilateral symmetry
Radial or Bilateral Symmetry
Chordata
(lancelets,
vertebrates)
Anatomical Branch Points
on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
•Animals with
Tissues Exhibit
Either Radial
or Bilateral
Symmetry
Body
symmetry
and
cephalization
(F22.2 p. 425)
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
central axis
plane of
symmetry
anterior
plane of
symmetry
posterior
Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal
Evolutionary Tree
– Embryonic Tissue Layers
• Radially Symmetrical Animals Have Two
• Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Have Three
–Bilateral Animals Have Heads
– Most Bilateral Animals Have Body Cavities
– Body Cavity Structure Varies Among Phyla
• Body cavities
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(F22.3 p. 426)
Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
body
wall
}
coelom
}
digestive
tract
digestive
cavity
“True” coelom
(annelids, chordates)
Body cavities
body
wall
}
pseudocoelom
body
} wall
digestive
tract
digestive
cavity
“False” or pseudocoelom
(roundworms)
digestive
cavity
digestive
tract
No coelom
(cnidarians, flatworms)
(F22.3 p. 426)
Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal
Evolutionary Tree
• Simpler Body Cavities Evolved from Coelomate
Body Plans
• Bilateral Organisms Develop in One of Two Ways
– Protostomes
Deuterostomes
• Protostomes: Two Distinct Evolutionary Lines
– Ecdysozoans
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Lophotrochozoans
Comparison of the Major Animal Phyla
(T22.1 p. 428)
osculum
epithelial
cell
pore
Major Animal Phyla
spicules
(water flow)
amoeboid
cell
pore cell
collar cell
Sponges:
Simple Body Plan
(F22.4 p. 428)
(water flow)
Sponge diversity
(F22.5 p. 429)
Major Animal Phyla
• Cnidarians: Well-Armed Predators
– Cnidarian diversity (F22.6 p. 430)
– Polyp and medusa (F22.7 p. 431)
– Cnidarian weaponry: the cnidocyte (F22.8
p. 431)
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Major
Animal
Phyla
Cnidarians: WellArmed Predators
Cnidarian
diversity (F22.6 p.
430)
Major Animal Phyla
Polyp
mouth
lining of
gastrovascular
cavity
Medusa
lining of
gastrovascular
cavity
body wall
tentacle
gastrovascular
cavity
column
body wall
mesoglea
mesoglea
mouth
foot
gastrovascular
cavity
Polyp and medusa (F22.7 p. 431)
tentacle
trigger
filament
trigger
nuclei
Cnidarian
weaponry:
the cnidocyte
(F22.8 p. 431)
Major Animal Phyla
• Flatworms
– Organs
– Lack Respiratory & Circulatory Systems
– Flatworm organ systems
(F22.9 p. 432)
– The life cycle of the human pork tapeworm
(F22.10 p. 433)
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Major
Animal
Phyla
Digestive
system
eyespots
gastrovascular
cavity
Excretory
system
Nervous
system
brain
excretory
pore
pharynx
(with mouth
at tip)
nerve cord
Flatworm
organ systems
(F22.9 p. 432)
excretory
canal
Major Animal Phyla
– Life cycle of
human pork
tapeworm
(F22.10 p. 433)
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.4 Annelids Are Composed of
Identical Segments
– Figure 22.11 An annelid, the earthworm
(p. 434)
– Figure 22.12 Diverse annelids (p. 435)
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nephridia
coelom
intestine
excretory
pore
ventral
nerve cord
anus
coelom hearts
esophagus
brain
mouth
ventral
pharynx vessel
ventral nerve
cord
crop
gizzard
intestine
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.5 Most Mollusks Have Shells
– Figure 22.13 A generalized mollusk
435)
– 22.3.5.1 Gastropods Are One-Footed
Crawlers
• Figure 22.14 The diversity of gastropod
mollusks (p. 436)
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(p.
gonad
heart
digestive tract
coelom
tentacle
shell
ganglia
(brain)
mantle
eye
radula
anus
mouth
gill
foot
nerve cords
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.5.2 Bivalves Are Filter Feeders
• Figure 22.15 The diversity of bivalve mollusks
(p. 436)
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22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.5.3 Cephalopods Are Marine
Predators
• Figure 22.16 The diversity of cephalopod
mollusks (p. 437)
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22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.6 Arthropods Are the Dominant
Animals on Earth
– Figure 22.17 The exoskeleton allows precise
movements (p. 438)
– Figure 22.18 The exoskeleton must be molted
periodically (p. 438)
– Figure 22.19 Segments are fused and specialized in
insects (p. 438)
– Figure 22.20 Arthropods possess compound eyes
(p. 439)
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antennae
head
abdomen
thorax
compound eye
mouth parts
wing
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.1 Insects Are the Only Flying
Invertebrates
• Figure 22.21 The diversity of insects (p. 439)
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22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.2 Most Arachnids Are Predatory
Meat Eaters
• Figure 22.22 The diversity of arachnids
(p. 440)
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22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.3 Myriapods Have Many Legs
• Figure 22.23 The diversity of myriapods
(p. 441)
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(a)
(b)
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.4 Most Crustaceans Are Aquatic
• Figure 22.24 The diversity of crustaceans
(p. 441)
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22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.7 Roundworms Are Abundant and
Mostly Tiny
– Figure 22.25 A freshwater nematode
(p.
442)
– Figure 22.26 Some parasitic nematodes
(p. 443)
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anterior
end
mouth
posterior
end
eggs
vagina
ovary
cuticle
intestine
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.8 Echinoderms Have a Calcium
Carbonate Skeleton
– Figure 22.27 The diversity of echinoderms
(p. 443)
– Figure 22.28 The water-vascular system of
echinoderms (p. 444)
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sieve plate
ampulla
tube
feet
canals
plates of
endoskeleton
22.3 What Are the Major
Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.9 The Chordates Include the
Vertebrates
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