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There’s NO ZOO in Zoology An Odyssey of Animal Diversity Phylogeny & Taxonomy • Phylogeny – Evolutionary relationship of animal groups – Established by comparative study of homologies • Anatomical • Embryological • Molecular • Taxonomy – Naming of groups – Based on phylogenic relationships and homologies at Domain, Kingdom, Phylum level – Based on individual traits at Genus & species level Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya • Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi • 11 major & 9 minor phyla of Animalia • Genus species binomial nomenclature used to specifically identify organisms Other intermediate taxonomic levels: subphylum, subclass, subspecies Taxonomy of Humans Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Segmented Chordata Annelida Rotifera (rotifers) Porifera (sponges) Nematoda (roundworms) Segmented Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 5 Deuterostomes Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Notochord, Pharyngeal arches, Dorsal nerve 5 Segmentation ? Protostome development Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues 4 2 1 Multicellularity Ancestral protist Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Fig. 44.22a Fig. 44.22b Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Protista Protozoans A Colonial Protist - Volvox Colonial Protist began to have specialized cell types Specialized cell types hallmark of multicellular organisms Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Eumetazoa No true tissues 1 Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Porifera (sponges) 1 Parazoa 2 Radial symmetry No true tissues 2 1 Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 44.11 Body Axes • Radiate Animals – Oral – Aboral Axis – Bisection of the animal by any plane radiating from the oral-aboral axis will produce symmetrical halves – There are an infinite # of radiating planes aboral Mouth oral Body Axes • Bilateral Animals – Anterior-Posterior Axis – Dorsal-Ventral Axis – Left-Right Axis – Only bisection by a plane along anteriorposterior axis (sagittal plane) will produce symmetrical halves Phylogenic Distinctions Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Coelomic cavity Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Porifera (sponges) 1 Parazoa 2 3 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body Cavity Types No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue platyhelminthes Body Cavity Types Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Protostomes Body Cavity Types True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Deuterostomes Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Body Cavity Types Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Protostomes Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Rotifera (rotifers) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Nematoda (roundworms) Acoelomates Porifera (sponges) 1 Parazoa 2 3 Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Phylum Mollusca Body Cavity Types True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Deuterostomes Protostomes vs Deuterostomes Fig. 45.2 Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Deuterostomes Rotifera (rotifers) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms) Protostomes Porifera (sponges) 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 4 Protostome development Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes Deuterotosomes blastopore forms mouth blastopore forms anus Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Fig. 9.14 Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Deuterostomes Annelida Rotifera (rotifers) Nematoda (roundworms) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Porifera (sponges) Segmented Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton 5 Segmentation 4 Protostome development Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms mouth blastopore of forms anus Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida Phylogeny of Kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Deuterostomes Annelida Rotifera (rotifers) Nematoda (roundworms) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Porifera (sponges) Segmented Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton 5 Segmentation 4 Protostome development Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Segmented Chordata Annelida Rotifera (rotifers) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms) Segmented Porifera (sponges) 5 Deuterostomes Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Notochord, Segmentation, Jointed appendages 5 Segmentation ? Protostome development Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues 4 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms mouth blastopore of forms anus Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida Phylum Echinodermata Protostomes vs Deuterostomes Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Chordata Segmented Annelida Rotifera (rotifers) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms) Segmented Porifera (sponges) 5 Deuterostomes Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Notochord, Segmentation, Jointed appendages 5 Segmentation ? Protostome development Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues 4 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 47.3 Phylogenic Distinctions Phylum Nematoda Protosomes Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms mouth blastopore of forms anus Phylum Chordata Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida Phylum Echinodermata Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia 1 Parazoa 2 3 4 Eumetazoa Bilateria Radiata Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Chordata Segmented Annelida Rotifera (rotifers) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms) Segmented Porifera (sponges) 5 Deuterostomes Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Notochord, Segmentation, Jointed appendages 5 Segmentation ? Protostome development Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Coelom Pseudocoel 3 No body cavity Radial symmetry No true tissues 4 2 1 Body cavity Bilateral symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Ancestral protist Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 48.2 Primitive Chordate Body Plan Post-anal tail A Typical Vertebrate
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