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Chapter 32
An Introduction to Animal
Diversity
PowerPoint TextEdit Art Slides for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 32.1 An underwater glimpse of animal diversity
on and around a coral reef
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal – like protists
Fungi – like protists
Protista Kingdom
Plant – like protists
Figure 32.3 A choanoflagellate colony
Single cell
Stalk
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals
(layer 1)
Cleavage
Zygote
Eight-cell stage
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals
(layer 2)
Blastocoel
Cleavage
Cleavage
Zygote
Eight-cell stage
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals
(layer 3)
Blastocoel
Cleavage
Cleavage
Zygote
Eight-cell stage
Blastocoel
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Gastrula
Blastopore
Gastrulation
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals
(layer 3)
Blastocoel
Cleavage
Cleavage
Zygote
Eight-cell stage
Blastocoel
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Gastrula
Blastopore
Gastrulation
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 32.7 Body symmetry
(a) Radial symmetry. The parts of a
radial animal, such as a sea anemone
(phylum Cnidaria), radiate from the
center. Any imaginary slice through
the central axis divides the animal
into mirror images.
(b) Bilateral symmetry. A bilateral
animal, such as a lobster (phylum
Arthropoda), has a left side and a
right side. Only one imaginary cut
divides the animal into mirror-image
halves.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals
(layer 3)
Blastocoel
Cleavage
Cleavage
Zygote
Eight-cell stage
Blastocoel
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Gastrula
Blastopore
Gastrulation
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
Figure 32.8 Body plans of triploblastic animals
Coelom
(a) Coelomate. Coelomates such as
annelids have a true coelom, a body
cavity completely lined by tissue
derived from mesoderm.
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelomate. Pseudocoelomates
such as nematodes have a body cavity only
partially lined by tissue derived from
mesoderm.
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Digestive tract
(from ectoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
(c) Acoelomate. Acoelomates such as
flatworms lack a body cavity between
the digestive tract and outer body wall.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Tissuefilled region
(from
mesoderm)
Figure 32.9 A comparison of protostome and
deuterostome development
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs, annelids,
arthropods)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
Eight-cell stage
Eight-cell stage
Spiral and determinate
Radial and indeterminate
Coelom
Archenteron
Mesoderm
Coelom
Blastopore
Blastopore
Schizocoelous: solid
masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom
Mesoderm
Enterocoelous:
folds of archenteron
form coelom
Mouth
Anus
Digestive tube
Mouth
Mouth develops
from blastopore
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Anus
Anus develops
from blastopore
(a) Cleavage. In general, protostome
development begins with spiral,
determinate cleavage.
Deuterostome development is
characterized by radial,
indeterminate cleavage.
(b) Coelom formation. Coelom
formation begins in the gastrula
stage. In protostome development,
the coelom forms from splits in the
mesoderm (schizocoelous
development). In deuterostome
development, the coelom forms
from mesodermal outpocketings of
the archenteron (enterocoelous
development).
(c) Fate of the blastopore. In
protostome development, the mouth
forms from the blastopore. In
deuterostome development, the
mouth forms from a secondary
opening.
Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Molluscs
Annelids
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Protostomes
Rotifers
Platyhelminthes
Pseudocoelomates
No body cavity
Body cavity
Cnidaria
Radial
Bilateral
Symmetry
Symmetry
Porifera
No true tissues
True tissues
(Parazoans)
(Eumatazoans)
Multicellular protists
Deuterostomes
Coelomates
Chordates
Figure 32.2 Early embryonic development in animals
(layer 3)
Blastocoel
Cleavage
Cleavage
Zygote
Eight-cell stage
Blastocoel
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Gastrula
Blastopore
Gastrulation
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blastula
Cross section
of blastula
“Radiata”
Deuterostomia
Metazoa
Ancestral colonial
flagellate
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nematoda
Nemertea
Rotifera
Arthropoda
Annelida
Protostomia
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Mollusca
Platyhelminthes
Chordata
Echinodermata
Brachiopoda
Ectoprocta
Phoronida
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Porifera
Figure 32.10 One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based
mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Nemertea
Platyhelminthes
Ectoprocta
Phoronida
Brachiopoda
Chordata
Echinodermata
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Silicarea
Calcarea
Figure 32.11 One hypothesis of animal phylogeny
based mainly on molecular data
“Radiata”
“Porifera”
Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Metazoa
Ancestral colonial
flagellate
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ecdysozoa