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Transcript 
Invertebrate Zoology
Animals without Backbones
Patterns of the Invertebrate
•
•
•
•
•
Symmetry- orientation around a central axis
Germ Layers- embryonic tissue
Deuterosome vs Protostome
Body openings and digestion
Coelom development
Deuterostomes
• Indeterminate cleavage
• blastophore becomes anus/second
opening becomes mouth
• radial cleavage-cells of cleavage
are aligned
Protostomes
• Determinate cleavage in most ( fate
fixed early)
• blastophore develops into a mouth
first
• Spiral cleavage-cells do NOT line up
Symmetry
• ( a ) radial- can be
divided along any
plane, through a
central axis into
roughly equal halves
• ( b ) bilateral- can be
divided down it’s
length only one way
into similar right and
left halves
• (not shown
asymmetry-irregular
in shape
Germ Layers
1.
2
3
1. Ectoderm- outermost germ
layer (forms skin, nerves )
2. Mesoderm- middle germ
layer ( forms muscle,
kidney, liver etc.)
3. Endoderm- innermost germ
layer ( forms digestive and
reproductive tract )
ectoderm
endoderm
Mesoderm forms as an outpocketing from
endoderm
Coelom
• Coelomate- has a true
coelom CAVITY
WITHIN A BODY
• Acoelomate- lacks a
true coelom
• Pseudocoelomatefalse body cavity ( no
mesodermal
connection )
Body Cavity
• COELOM- true cavity within a body
• Acoelomate- lacks a true body cavity
• Pseudocoelomate- has a false body
cavity ( cavity develops with no
mesodemal connection )
• Coelomate- true body cavity developing
from out pockets of the mesoderm
SUMMARY
GERM LAYERS
1. Ectoderm- outermost germ layer
(forms skin, nerves )
2. Mesoderm- middle germ layer (
forms muscle, kidney, liver etc.)
3. Endoderm- innermost germ layer (
forms digestive and reproductive
tract )
BODY SYMMETRY
• Symmetry- orientation around a central
axis
• ( a ) radial- can be divided along any
plane, through a central axis into roughly
equal halves
• ( b ) bilateral- can be divided down it’s
length only one way into similar right
and left halves
• (not shown asymmetry-irregular in shape
Invertebrate Phyla
Porifera
Parazoa-lacking true tissue
Filter feeders- incurrent and excurrent pore ( oscula
choanocytes- collar cells that create current
amoebocytes- capture food by phagocytosis
Spicules- silica or calcium carbonate skeletal structures
Spongin- protein in some species for support
Hermaphrodites contain both male and female sex
organs
BEHAVE LIKE A COLONY
Cnidarians
Eumetazoan- have true tissues
Radial symmetry
acoelomate- lack a coelom
diploblastic- only two germ layers
Alternation of generation
polyp- plant like
medusa- free swimming ( jelly fish like
Digestive traffic-two way, gastrovascular cavity-no
separate circulatory/digestive system
Nematocyststinging cell
Sea
Anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
hydra
Class Scyphozoa
jelly fish
Class Anthozoa
sea anemone
nematocyst
BUD-----
Platyhelminthes
Planaria
Nematoda
•
•
•
•
•
•
Three germ layers
Pseudocoelomate
One-way digestive pattern
Little need for resp. or digestive system
Separate sexes
Parasitic and free-living
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm
Rotifera
• Mostly freshwater
• Pseudocoelom with several organ
systems
• Crown of cilia around mouth
• Both sexual and asexual
reproduction
S- SYMMETRY assymetry
GL-GERM LAYERS none
BO-BODY OPENINGS many
BC-BODY CAVITIES
acoelomate
DT-DIGESTIVE TRAFFIC
none, filter feeds cells digest
CS-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
none, filter water to remove
water
phylum
sym germopen
layer cav
porifera
asy nonemany acoel
cnidaria
rad
2
1 acoel
platy
bil
3
1 acoel
nematoda bil
3
2 pseudo
annelida
bil
3
2 coelom
mollusca
bil
3
2 coelom
echinodermatarad
3
1 coelom
arthropoda bil
3
2 coelom
diges
none
two
two
one
one
one
one
circ
none
gastrovascular cavity
none
closed with 5 hearts
bivalves-open, ceph-close
water vascular system
open system
digestive traffic is direction of digestive system
crustacea
diplopoda
chiopoda
arachnida
insecta
characteristic
segments A.orB.A
appendages H, K. DOP
locomotion Z, K. D
feeding
N
N,O
nervous sys K.,L. K.,L.
respiration V
V
reproduction Y
Y
excretion
R
R
C
K,G
G
N
K.,L.
V
Y
R
C A
F E
F E
N N
K.,L.K.,L.
V X
Y Y
R Q.
circulation
S
S
S
S
S
jointed
sensory
gas exchange
eliminate nitrogen waste
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