Download Bailey`s Story

Armstrong’s Story
By Loretta Lee
February 2008
It’s population…
600
550
524
500
502
484
491
450
400
350
300
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
Students
2007-2008
Demographics
100
89.9
90
87.7
84.3 83.1
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
0.8 1.6 0.8 0.6
Am. Indian
3.8 3.6 3.9 3.3
Asian
2004-2005
2.1 2.6
6.1
5
Black
2005-2006
3.4 4.6
6
6.9
Hispanic
2006-2007
White
2007-2008
Special Programs
50
40
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
30
%
18 19
20
13
15 15 14
13 13
10
0
0
0
0
1.7 1.2
0
ELL/LEP
Spec. Ed.
F/R Lunch
Gifted
Acquiring literacy is an
empowering process, enabling
millions to enjoy access to
knowledge and information
which broadens horizons,
increases opportunities and
creates alternatives for building
a better life.
Kofi Annan-Secretary-General of the United Nations
"Matthew Effect"—the rich get richer
and the poor get poorer.
Sebastian Wren, Ph.D.
In 1983, Walberg and Tsai first coined the term the "Matthew
Effect" to describe the fact that, without intervention, some
students rapidly develop and build upon strong literacy
foundations, and other students languish behind their more
fortunate peers.
Research indicates that past the 4th grade, literacy intervention
and remediation programs are only successful with about 13%
of struggling readers.
Early intervention is much more effective than later intervention
or remediation.
With effective early intervention, research has shown that
virtually every child can learn to read.
Early, diagnostic assessment is the key to defeating the Matthew
Effect.
To be effective, that assessment must be used to inform
instruction, and instruction must be individually catered to the
learning needs of each individual child.
Kindergarteners Meeting or Exceeding
DRA Level 4 by End of School Year
100
88.5
90
80
70
60
%
80.6
58.5
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004-2005
2005-2006
Kindergarteners
2006-2007
Kindergarten Reading Data
2004-2005
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2005-2006
2006-2007
53
32.6
24.9
33.1 32.8
53.7 52.7
33
24
14.8
5.4
8
15
15
8.1
Text Reading
Average
Fluent Writing
Dictation
Letter
Identification
Text Reading Average=DRA level
Fluent Writing=5 minutes
Dictation=37 sounds
Letter Identification=54 (26 lower case, 26 uppercase, typeset a and g)
Concepts About Print=15
Concepts About
Print
1st Graders Meeting or Exceeding
DRA Level 18 by End of School Year
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
93.9
87.3
74.6
2004-2005
2005-2006
1st Graders
2006-2007
1st Grade Reading Data
2004-2005
2005-2006
70
64.9
60
46.8
50
51.9
40
30
20
2006-2007
34.5
26.4
21.1
36.4
35.2
24
10
0
Text Reading Average
Text Reading Average=DRA level
Fluent Writing=10 minutes
Dictation=37 sounds
Fluent Writing
Dictation
2nd Graders Meeting or Exceeding
DRA Level 28 or QRI Level 2 by End of Year
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
89.5
70.1
Winter
Score
2004-2005
67.1
Winter
Score
2005-2006
2nd Graders
2006-2007
Mean Vs. Median
The mean is the arithmetic average of a group of scores.
The mean is sensitive to extreme scores when
population samples are small.
The median is the middle score in a list of scores; it is
the point at which half the scores are above and half the
scores are below.
Current reports emphasize them equally. Medians are
less sensitive to extreme scores and are probably a
better indicator generally of where the middle of the
class is achieving, especially for smaller sample sizes.
Means are the arithmetic average and are often used
with larger sample sizes.
-NWEA
2nd Grade
MAP Reading Scores
195
191
190
185
185
RIT
180
Scores
174
175
170
165
2007-2008
Fall Median
Winter Median
Spring Median
3rd Grade
MAP Reading Scores
205
200
185
198
197
195
194
195
RIT
190
Scores
201
200
188
186
186
2005-2006
2006-2007
180
175
Fall Median
Winter Median
2007-2008
Spring Median
MAP Reading Strands
Grade 3 Spring Medians
205
203
200
195
RIT
Scores
199
198
195
194
198
199
199
201 201
200
200
199
198
198
198
196
195
190
185
180
175
Word Recognition
& Vocabulary
Comprehension:
Interpretive
2005
2007 Comprehension:
Informational not Interpretive
Comprehension:
Narrative
2006
Evaluative
Comprehension
2007
2008
Literature
Third Grade Meeting Reading
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
66.1
54.7
54.4
2005
2006
Fall to Spring
2007
51.6
2008
2.5
Fall 2006
33.3
36.4
28.8
40.9
24.2
34.8
38.2
35.3
26.5
31.6
22.8
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
43
MAP Reading Test Performance
Grade 3
1.5
Spring
2007
Fall 2007
Spring
2008
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
MCA Reading Test Performance
Grade 3
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
42
38
36
7
13
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
41
8
0
2006
2007
15
MCA Reading Strands
Grade 3
100
90
80
70
%
Correct
79.5
67.6
75.1
66.9
74.3
70.8
77.6
74.5
70.8
77.2
70.6
62.5
66
57.1
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Literature
Fiction
2006
Non-Fiction
2007
Multiple Choice
Constructed
Response
4th Grade
MAP Reading Scores
215
210
210
205
205
RIT
200
Scores
207
205 205
203
200
199
198
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
195
190
185
Fall Median
Winter Median
Spring Median
MAP Reading Strands
Grade 4 Spring Medians
215
211
210
205
RIT
Scores
208
203
207
203
209
208
206
203
209
207207
207
208
207
205
202
201
200
195
190
185
Word
Recognition &
Vocabulary
2007 Comprehension:
Informational not Interpretive
Comprehension:
Interpretive
2005
Comprehension:
Narrative
2006
Evaluative
Comprehension
2007
2008
Literature
Fourth Grade Meeting Reading
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
65.466.7
2005
68.5
62.7
2006
Fall to Spring
55.456.6
2007
Spring to Spring
59 58.3
2008
Fall 2006
Spring
2007
3.3
26.2
29.5
41
40.6
39.1
20.3
36.2
6.9
27.6
29.3
38.9
20.4
9.3
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
31.5
MAP Reading Test Performance
Grade 4
Fall 2007
Spring
2008
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
MCA Reading Test Performance
Grade 4
100
90
80
70
60
49
% 50
40
30
20
10
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
34
33
26
13
20 20
4
0
2006
2007
MCA Reading Strands
Grade 4
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
77.7
62.3
Vocabulary
74.9
67
Comprehension
75.3
68.9
74.2
67.9
Literature
Fiction
2006
2007
77.5
65.8
Non-Fiction
78
67
Multiple Choice
67.5
58.7
Constructed
Response
5th Grade
MAP Reading Scores
214
215
210
205
208
210
204
213
210
209
206
205
2006-2007
2007-2008
RIT
200
Scores
195
190
185
2005-2006
Fall Median
Winter Median
Spring Median
MAP Reading Strands
Grade 5 Spring Medians
220
215
215
210
RIT
Scores
213
210
216
212
217 217
216
214
212
212
209
216
212
213
212
212
210
205
200
195
190
Word
Recognition &
Vocabulary
2007 Comprehension:
Informational not Interpretive
Comprehension:
Interpretive
2005
Comprehension:
Narrative
2006
Evaluative
Comprehension
2007
2008
Literature
Fifth Grade Meeting Reading
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
67.1
54.754.3
2005
52.8 50
2006
Fall to Spring
49.3
2007
Spring to Spring
67.2
57.1
2008
Fall 2006
Spring
2007
Fall 2007
36.1
21.3
34.4
43.8
8.2
18.8
1.6
2.6
24.7
35.9
36.4
36.4
33.3
34.7
1.3
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
30.7
MAP Reading Test Performance
Grade 5
Spring
2008
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
MCA Reading Test Performance
Grade 5
100
90
80
70
60
49
% 50
40
30
24
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
42
29
22
20
10
20
9
4
0
2006
2007
MCA Reading Strands
Grade 5
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
72.6 73.8
76.5
68.6
65.3
74.1
67.2
70.7
72.8 73.6
68.6
68.8
61.9
33.9
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Literature
Fiction
2006 2007
Non-Fiction
Multiple Choice
Constructed
Response
6th Grade
MAP Reading Scores
225
215
220
219
220
217
214 214
211
RIT
210
Scores
217
213
213
205
200
195
2005-2006
Fall Median
2006-2007
Winter Median
2007-2008
Spring Median
MAP Reading Strands
Grade 6 Spring Medians
225
221
220
218
216
219
216
218
217
216
217
216
220
219219
218
214
215
RIT
Scores
221
221
220
210
205
200
Word Recognition
& Vocabulary
Comprehension:
Interpretive
Comprehension:
Narrative
Evaluative
Comprehension
195
2007 Comprehension:
Informational not Interpretive
2005
2006
2007
2008
Literature
Sixth Grade Meeting Reading
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
61.3
54.5
2005
55.6
60
2006
Fall to Spring
71.6
65.7
2007
Spring to Spring
69.2
65.3
2008
Fall 2007
18.1
2.4
22.2
25.9
37.3
Spring
2007
1.2
2.7
24
24
33.8
Fall 2006
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
42.2
49.3
44.6
16.2
5.4
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
50.6
MAP Reading Test Performance
Grade 6
Spring
2008
MCA Reading Test Performance
Grade 6
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
43
33 30
31
23
20
10
25
12
4
0
2006
2007
MCA Reading Strands Grade 6
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
79
67.7
70.6
64.9
63.1
65.9
69.4 67
73.9
67.4 64.9
71.4
47.8 45.7
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Literature
Fiction
2006 2007
Non-Fiction
Multiple Choice
Constructed
Response

The ability to recall basic math facts fluently is necessary for
students to attain higher-order math skills.

“Cognitive psychologists have discovered that humans have fixed
limits on the attention and memory that can be used to solve
problems. One way around these limits is to have certain
components of a task become so routine and over-learned that
they become automatic.” (Whitehurst, 2003) .

The implication for mathematics is that some of the subprocesses, particularly basic facts, need to be developed to the
point that they are done automatically.

Studies have found that lack of math fact retrieval can impede
participation in math class discussions, successful mathematics
2nd Grade MAP Math Scores
195
189
190
184
185
RIT
180
Scores
175
175
170
165
2007-2008
Fall
Winter
Spring
rd
3
Grade MAP Math Scores
210
205
203
202
203
200
RIT
195
Scores
190
198
196
194
188
189
189
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
185
180
Fall
Winter
Spring
208
195
190
2007 Strand Categories and Medians
Number Sense & Computation
Functions & Algebra
Statistics & Probability
Geometry & Measurement
Math Reasoning was embedded within the other strands in 2007
ur
em
en
t
ea
s
M
lS
at
ia
Sp
St
at
is
ti c
s
an
d
Pr
o
en
se
/G
eo
m
ba
bi
et
ry
lit
y
ns
Pa
tt
er
ns
/F
un
ct
io
ns
/A
lg
eb
ra
ra
tio
Co
m
pu
ta
ti o
n/
Op
e
um
be
N
M
at
h
Re
as
o
ni
ng
rS
en
se
185
2005
2007
2006
2008
205
204
201
205
208
210
205
203
202
201
201
204
203
201
202
198
201
199
199
200
201
205
201
RIT
Scores
205
210
199
210
215
211
MAP Math Strands Grade 3 Spring Medians
Third Grade Meeting Math
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
81.8
71.9
62.3
2005
2006
Fall to Spring
2007
68.8
2008
Fall 2006
15.2
31.8
43.9
53
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
2.9
11.8
16.7
27.9
39.4
39.7
29.4
27.6
1.3
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
59.2
MAP Math Test Performance
Grade 3
Spring
2007
Fall 2007
Spring
2008
MCA Math Test Performance
Grade 3
100
90
80
70
60
45
% 50
40
30
20
10
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
53
19
29
26
20
6
2
0
2006
2007
MCA Math Strands Grade 3
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
78
79
72
70
61
61
73
65 63
70
61
61
52
Number Sense
Patterns,
Functions and
Algebra
Data, Statistics
and probability
Spatial Sense,
Geometry and
Measurement
2006
2007
Mathematical
Reasoning
46
Multiple Choice
Constructed
Response
4th Grade
MAP Math Scores
220
216
215
210
RIT
205
Scores
210
208
212
210
206
206
202
201
200
195
190
2005-2006
Fall
2006-2007
Winter
Spring
2007-2008
MAP Math Strands Grade 4 Spring Medians
205
200
Math Reasoning was embedded within the other strands in 2007
Sp
ur
em
en
t
at
ia
lS
M
en
se
/G
eo
m
Pr
o
an
d
ti c
s
at
is
ea
s
et
ry
lit
y
ba
bi
br
a
St
2007 Strand Categories and Medians
Number Sense & Computation
Functions & Algebra
Statistics & Probability
Geometry & Measurement
Pa
tt
er
ns
/F
un
ct
io
ns
/A
lg
e
ns
ra
tio
Co
m
pu
ta
ti o
n/
Op
e
um
be
N
M
at
h
Re
as
o
ni
ng
rS
en
se
195
2005
2007
2006
2008
216
214
215
212
216
214
212
210
214
216
215
214
214
214
206
213
206
RIT
210
Scores
211
213
214
211
214
213
215
214
220
218
222
225
Fourth Grade Meeting Math
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
72.2
64.1
2005
75.371.6
2006
Fall to Spring
63.8
58.5
2007
Spring to Spring
52.5
46.7
2008
Fall 2006
6.6
1.6
Fall 2007
27.9
24.6
41
40.6
39.1
Spring
2007
18.8
21.7
3.3
30
32.1
32.1
30.4
5.4
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
45
MAP Math Test Performance
Grade 4
Spring
2008
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
MCA Math Test Performance
Grade 4
100
90
80
70
60
57
% 50
40
30
20
10
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
39
26
25
17
23
11
1
0
2006
2007
MCA Math Strands Grade 4
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
82
74
80
69
63
67
72
72
71
62
63
59
47
Number Sense
Patterns,
Functions and
Algebra
Data, Statistics
and probability
Spatial Sense,
Geometry and
Measurement
2006
2007
Mathematical
Reasoning
Multiple Choice
51
Constructed
Response
5th Grade
MAP Math Scores
230
220
RIT
215
Scores
225
224
225
223
220
218
217
214
212
211
210
205
200
2005-2006
Fall
2006-2007
Winter
Spring
2007-2008
MAP Math Strands Grade 5 Spring Medians
215
210
Math Reasoning was embedded within the other strands in 2007
ur
em
en
t
ea
s
M
Sp
at
ia
l
Se
an
d
Pr
o
ns
e/
G
eo
m
ba
bi
et
ry
lit
y
br
a
lg
e
St
at
is
ti
cs
2007 Strand Categories and Medians
Number Sense & Computation
Functions & Algebra
Statistics & Probability
Geometry & Measurement
Pa
tt
er
ns
/F
un
ct
io
ns
/A
ra
ti
on
s
pu
ta
ti
on
/O
pe
r
um
be
N
Co
m
M
at
h
R
ea
so
ni
ng
Se
ns
e
205
2005
2007
2006
2008
221
224
221
221
224
221
225
225
227
224
223
223
225
220
223
224
221
221
220
223
224
223
221
RIT
Scores
220
225
223
224
230
229
235
Fifth Grade Meeting Math
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
52.3
46.9
2005
66.7
58.8
2006
Fall to Spring
69.7
57.7
2007
Spring to Spring
58.9
54.8
2008
MAP Math Test Performance
Grade 5
Fall 2006
Fall 2007
25.8
29
11.3
25
33.9
35.9
31.2
Spring
2007
7.8
15.6
7.8
10.7
28
1.3
40
30
20
10
0
40.3
% 50
36.4
60
100
90
80
70
60
Spring
2008
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
MCA Math Test Performance
Grade
5
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
41
26
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
37
24
20
10
23
25
15
9
0
2006
2007
MCA Math Strands Grade 5
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
76
70
63
76
69
64
69
58
62
75
70
66
56
48
47
33
Number Sense
Patterns,
Data,
Spatial Sense, Mathematical
Functions and Statistics and Geometry and Reasoning
Algebra
probability Measurement
2006
2007
Multiple
Choice
Constructed
Response
Gridded
Response
6th Grade MAP Math Scores
235
230
225
227
230
229
223
222
RIT
220
Scores
230
224
222
219
215
210
205
2005-2006
Fall
2006-2007
Winter
Spring
2007-2008
219
220
215
210
2007 Strand Categories and Medians
Number Sense & Computation
Functions & Algebra
Statistics & Probability
Geometry & Measurement
Math Reasoning was embedded within the other strands in 2007
ur
em
en
t
ea
s
M
at
ia
l
Sp
St
at
is
ti
cs
an
d
Pr
o
Se
ns
e/
G
eo
m
ba
bi
et
ry
lit
y
br
a
lg
e
Pa
tt
er
ns
/F
un
ct
io
ns
/A
ra
ti
on
s
pu
ta
ti
on
/O
pe
r
um
be
N
Co
m
M
at
h
R
ea
so
ni
ng
Se
ns
e
205
2005
2007
2006
2008
226
227
224
227
226
227
227
234
233
232
229
230
227
225
230
230
226
227
230
227
221
RIT
Scores
222
225
223
228
230
228
MAP
Math
Strands
Grade
6
Spring
Medians
235
Sixth Grade Meeting Math
Target Growth
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
49.4 48
2005
58.8
50.6
2006
Fall to Spring
56.2
61.5
50
2007
Spring to Spring
43.1
2008
Spring
2007
2.4
15.7
22.2
3.7
Fall 2007
95%
Above
At Grade Level
Below
43.4
38.6
42
32.1
22.4
2.6
26
Fall 2006
35.5
39.5
35.6
5.5
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
32.9
MAP Math Test Performance
Grade 6
Spring
2008
MCA Math Test Performance
Grade 6
100
90
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
43
24
Exceeds
Meets
Partially Meets
Does Not Meet
42
26
25
20
10
8
17
14
0
2006
2007
MCA Math Strands Grade 6
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
Correct
40
30
20
10
0
71
68
58
69
62
68
58
73
72
64
72
69
60
53
46
Number Sense
Patterns,
Data,
Spatial Sense, Mathematical
Functions and Statistics and Geometry and Reasoning
Algebra
probability Measurement
2006 2007
Multiple
Choice
Constructed
Response
44
Gridded
Response
Statements of the past
and questions of the
future are entrusted to
teachers, who enlighten
their students today.
“Substitute feedback for assessment…
The point of assessment in education is to
advance learning, not to merely audit
absorption of facts…
Improving the quality of classroom feedback
offers the greatest performance gains of
any single instructional approach.
This just makes sense. The more you teach
without finding out who understands the
information and who doesn't, the greater
the likelihood that only already-proficient
students will succeed." Grant Wiggins
The End??
Or
The Never
Ending Story…..