Download Kinesiology_Lab_files/Lab 1. The skeleton

The Skeleton
1
M ATERI ALS
 Anatomage Dissecting Table
• human skeleton
•
vertebrae and bones
•
flexible spine model
•
human skull
•
textbook and class notes for reference
•
various wall models
O BJECTIVES
Upon the completion of these laboratory exercises, you should be able to:
1. Identify various anatomical structures of the axial skeleton.
2. Determine functional classification and anatomical motions that occur at specified joints.
3. Define key terms related to muscular function, including origin, insertion, agonist, antagonist, prime
mover, and synergist.
4. Discuss the various muscles of the axial skeleton in terms of anatomy and function.
5. Identify the various anatomical structures on specific medical imaging tools such as MRIs and XRays.
K EY S TRUCTURES
Vertebral Column
(33) Vertebrae
• Atlas
• Axis
• Body of the vertebra
• Intervertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramen
• Spinous process
• Transverse process
• Articular facet joint
• Intervertebral disc
(1) Sacrum
(1) Coccyx
Thoracic Cage
Bones/Joints
Kinesiology Terms
Sternum
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
(12 paired) ribs
• True ribs (ribs 1–7)
• False ribs (ribs 8–12)
• Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
(12) Thoracic vertebrae
Costal cartilage
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Bone classification by shape
• Long
• Short
• Irregular
• Flat
• Sesamoid
Articulation terms
• Synarthrosis
• Amphiarthrosis
•
•
•
•
•
Diarthrosis
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Bursae
E XERCISE 1. A XI AL S KELETON ( OVERVIEW )
PROCEDURE
Obtain the following models: human skull, full skeleton, bone box with individual bones, and a flexible
spine model. Read the following text and identify the following bold print anatomical structures on the
different models. Label the Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
Students are responsible for familiarizing themselves with all of the appropriate laboratory models.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton. The bones of the human body are characterized by
shape or physical characteristics. The major bone classifications are long, short, irregular, flat, and
sesamoid. Long bones have a long slender shape and are found in the arms, legs, thighs, fingers, and
toes. Short bones are approximately equal in length and width. They can be found in the wrist and ankle.
Flat bones have flat thin surfaces, which are found in the skull, sternum, and ribs. Irregular bones have
complex shapes with many bumps and ridges. The vertebrae of the spinal column and sphenoid bone of
the skull are considered to be irregular bones. Sesamoid bones are located where tendons cross over
joints. They typically function to increase the mechanical advantage of a muscle. In other words, this type
of bone aligns the muscle’s tendon to be in a position where it can generate more force. The patella is
considered a sesamoid bone. The forces placed on the skeleton ultimately will dictate the shape of the
bones. These forces include both gravitational and muscular stressors. Notice the prominent ridges on
many of the bones of the body. These ridges are usually the result of powerful muscles, which pull on
these bones to create movement.
The skeleton can be divided into an appendicular and axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is
composed of the pectoral (shoulder), pelvic girdles (hip), and bones of the extremities. The appendicular
skeleton will be covered in more detail in the next laboratory. The axial skeleton is composed of the
bones of the skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and coccyx. The skull alone is composed of
22 bones. It can be divided into the cranium, which encases the brain, and facial bones. With the
exception of the temporomandibular joint, the bones of the skull are connected by relatively immovable
joints called sutures. A more detailed description of the different joints will be discussed later in the lab.
Locate the various models and photos of the skull placed around the lab. Record the letter to the
corresponding structures. Use illustrations from figures 2.1 and 2.2 as a reference.
T OPIC REVIEW QUESTIONS .
1. List the five classifications of bones by shape. Provide one example for each classification.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. What type of forces act on the bones that will influence their shape?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
E XERCISE 2. A XI AL S KELETON (E X AM INATION OF THE S PINE )
The spine typically has an S-shaped configuration. In both the cervical and lumbar spine, the curve
projects anteriorly (lordosis). The thoracic spine’s curve projects posteriorly (kyphosis) (Figure 2.3).
These curves naturally develop as a result of the stresses of weight bearing. Variations in spinal curves
may be seen in people with scoliosis (excessive curving of the spine laterally) or osteoporosis (collapsing
of the vertebra, typically seen in the thoracic vertebra, creating an excessive thoracic spine kyphosis).
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column consists of 24 individual articulating vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. These
bones function to protect the spinal cord and are important sites of muscular attachment, making
movement of the spine and maintaining an upright posture possible. The 24 individual vertebrae are
divided into 3 major areas. There are 7 vertebrae located in the neck called cervical vertebrae. Just
inferior to the cervical vertebrae are the 12 thoracic vertebrae. Finally, the lumbar vertebrae make up
the last 5 non-fused vertebral bones located in the lower back area. The most caudal portion of the spinal
column is composed of 2 fused bones called the sacrum superiorly and coccyx inferiorly. The vertebrae
of these two bones are considered fused because they do not contain an intervertebral disc between
them. There are 33 bones total that make up the vertebral column, if you count the 5 sacral and 4
coccygeal bones.
FIGURE 2.4.
Most vertebrae have several characteristic features with slight variations in anatomy due to location and
regional functions (Table 2.2 and Figures 2.4-2.7). The body of the vertebra is located anteriorly and is
designed for weight bearing. The size of the body is proportional to the amount of weight it needs to
support. The vertebral foramen is located posterior to the body. The spinal cord and its nerve roots
occupy this space. The spinous process is the prominent projection that can be palpated and seen
posterior in the midline. These are very visible when asking a thin person to bend forward. They serve as
attachment sites for many muscles and ligaments that support the spine. The transverse processes are
the lateral projections off the vertebra. They also serve as attachment sites for many muscles and
ligaments that support the spine. The lamina is the portion of bone that connects the spinous and
transverse processes. Articular facets are projections off the body that enable the vertebra to move in
relation to each other. The superior articular facet of the bottom vertebra will articulate with the inferior
articular facet of the top vertebra. The facet joints are important for movement such as bending and
rotating.
The sacrum is a bone composed of five-fused vertebra that articulate with L5 (lowest lumbar vertebra)
superiorly and the coccyx inferiorly. There are four pairs of sacral foramen that allow both blood vessels
and nerves to pass into the lower extremities. The coccyx is also known as the tailbone.
The atlas and axis ( Figure 2.5) are considered atypical vertebrae. The atlas is the first cervical vertebra
(C1). It lacks a vertebral body. The only structure it needs to support is the skull. The superior articular
facet of the atlas articulates with the occipital condyles at the base of the skull. (Remember, the ancient
Greek god Atlas holds up the world—so the atlas holds the skull.) The axis is the second cervical vertebra
(C2). The odontoid process (dens) is unique to this vertebra. It projects superiorly to articulate with the
atlas. Fifty percent of the rotation in the cervical spine occurs between the atlas and axis. The articulation
between the atlas and axis is called the atlanto-axial joint.
TABLE 2.2 Regional variation of vertebrae
Structure
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
Body
Smallest
Medium
Largest
Transverse
process
Transverse
foramina for
vertebral artery
Contains articular facets for ribs on
transverse process on all vertebrae
except for the 11th and 12th rib
Thin and long
Spinous
process
Short and bifid
(two points)
Long and projects inferiorly
Short and thick
Figure 2.5
Typical Cervical Vertebrae
Figure 2.6
Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 2.7
Lumbar Vertebrae
[
Sacrum / Coccyx
FIGURE 2.9
[ILLUSTRATION]
Intervertebral discs are located between the vertebral bodies. These provide cushioning and space
which allows for both mobility of the spine and a space (intervertebral foramen) for the peripheral nerves
to exit the spinal column. The intervertebral disc is composed of two parts. The annulus fibrosus is the
tough, outer layer that anchors the vertebra together while allowing for a small degree of movement. The
nucleus pulposus is located in the center of the disc. It contains a viscous gelatinous substance that
contributes to both the height and shock-absorbing qualities of the disc.
Clinical application: A herniated disc can occur if there was trauma to the outer annulus. This allows for
the nucleus pulposus to get pushed out posteriorly, putting pressure on the nerve exiting the spine). The
disc height will also become diminished, resulting in a smaller intervertebral foramen, which can also
compress the nerves exiting the spine at that level. A laminectomy is a surgical procedure in which the
lamina is removed to help decompress the spinal nerves at the level of compression.
Figure 8.22c
[
Figure 2.10
Vertebral Column
Identify the following anatomical structures listed from Table 2.3 on the various models
located throughout the lab. Place the corresponding letter in the table below.
Structures
Vertebrae bodies
Cervical vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Body of vertebra
Spinous process
Transverse process
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral disc
Articular facet joints
Sacrum
Coccyx
Letter
T ABLE 2.3
E XERCISE 3. A XI AL S KELETON (E X AM INATION OF THE T HORACIC C AGE )
The thoracic cage consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae (Figure 2.12). They collectively
function to protect the organs in the thoracic cavity. The sternum (breast bone) is a flat bone created by
the fusion of the manubrium (superior), body (middle), and xiphoid process (inferior). There are 12
pairs of ribs that help protect the organs in the thoracic cavity. The first 7 ribs, known as the true ribs,
directly attach to the sternum via the costal cartilage. Ribs 8–12 are considered false ribs because they
attach indirectly to the sternum or have no sternal attachments at all. Ribs 11 and 12 are considered
floating ribs, because they have no attachments to either the sternum or adjacent ribs.
FIGURE 2.12.
The Rib Cage
Identify the following anatomical structures listed from Table 2.4 on the various models located throughout the
lab. Place the corresponding letter in the table below.
Structures
Costal cartilage
Xiphoid process
Transverse process of vertebra
Body of vertebra
Body of sternum
Manubrium
True ribs
False ribs
Letter
Floating ribs
T ABLE 2.4
Assessment of the Spinal Column
Obtain the flexible spine model. Identify the following anatomical landmarks on the model.
1. Which anatomical structure exits the intervertebral foremen? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Move the lumbar spine into both flexion and extension. Describe the motions effect on the articular facet
joints and the size of the intervertebral foremen.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Clinical thinking question. If the intervertebral disc experienced significant degeneration, which is
characterized by a reduction in disc height, what effect would this now have on the intervertebral
foramen? Which spinal motion would most likely affect the anatomical structure that exits the
intervertebral foramen? __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Appendicular Skeleton
K EY S KELETAL S TRUCTURES OF THE U PPER AND L OWER E XTREMITIES
Bones of the
Shoulder Complex
and Arm
Forearm and Hand
Bones
Anatom y of the
Pelvis
and Thigh
Anatom y of the Knee,
Leg, and Foot
Scapula
Radius
Hip
Patella
• Glenoid cavity
• Radial tuberosity
• Innominate
Tibia
• Acromion process
• Styloid process of radius
• Pelvis
• Medial malleolus
• Coracoid process
Ulna
• Ilium
• Tibial tuberosity
• Spine of the scapula
• Olecranon process
• Ischium
Fibula
Clavicle
• Styloid process of ulna
• Ischial tuberosity
• Lateral malleolus
Manubrium
Humeroradial joint
• Pubis
Hindfoot
Acromioclavicular joint
Humeroulnar joint
• Pubic symphysis
• Talus
Sternoclavicular joint
Radioulnar joint
• Acetabulum
• Calcaneus
Glenohumeral joint
Carpal bones:
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,
Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid,
Capitate, Hamate
Sacrum
Midfoot
Sacroiliac joint
• Tarsus (Tarsal bones)
Coccyx
• Cuboid
Femur
• Navicular
• Greater trochanter
• Cuneiform bones:
medial, intermediate, and lateral
Humerus
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Bicipital groove
• Lateral epicondyle
• Medial epicondyle
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalangeal bones
Middle phalangeal bones
Distal phalangeal bones
Distal interphalangeal joint
• Capitulum
Metacarpophalangeal joints
• Trochlea
Proximal interphalangeal joint
• Olecranon fossa
• Lesser trochanter
• Medial epicondyle
Forefoot
• Lateral epicondyle
• Metatarsal bones
• Medial condyle
• Proximal, middle, and distal
phalangeal bones
• Lateral condyle
E XERCISE 1. THE U PPER E XTREMITY
THE SCAPULA, CLAVICLE, AND HUMERUS
Identify the scapula on the full skeleton. It is a flat irregular-shaped bone, which serves as an attachment
site for 17 different muscles (Figure 3.2). The scapula is considered a floating bone because it does not
directly attach to the skeleton. The scapulothoracic joint is not a true joint because it doesn’t contain a
joint capsule or have ligamentous attachments. The anterior surface of the scapula articulates with the
posterior surface of the rib cage. Palpate the prominent bony horizontal ridge (spine) on the back of the
scapula. The spine ends laterally at the acromion process. The acromion process connects to the
clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint (Figure 3.1). The medial end of the clavicle connects to the
manubrium (superior part of the sternum), forming the sternoclavicular joint. The scapula’s medial
(vertebral) border runs parallel to the vertebral column. The lateral (axial) border is easy to feel in the
axillary area (arm pit). On the anterior surface of the scapula is the coracoid process. This serves as an
important site of muscular attachment. The glenoid cavity (fossa) is the concave surface that the head of
the humerus articulates with forming the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint). (Figure 3.2)
[
FIGURE 3.1.
FIGURE 3.3. Scapula
The humerus has prominent ridges on the proximal end called the greater and lesser tubercle (Figure
3.4). These ridges are attachment sites for the rotator cuff muscles, which play an important role in
stabilizing the humerus especially during overhead activity. The groove that runs between these ridges is
called the intertubercular (bicipital) groove. The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii runs
through this groove. The deltoid tuberosity is located on the lateral, proximal 1/3 portion of the humerus.
It is the insertion for the deltoid muscle. Identify the medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle at the
distal end of the humerus. They are easy to palpate on either side of your elbow. The elbow is composed
of three different joints. Move the skeleton’s elbow through its normal range of motion. Notice the
depression on the posterior distal end of the humerus (olecranon fossa). When the elbow is flexed, the
olecranon fossa is visible. During elbow extension, it will be covered by the olecranon process of the ulna.
The articular surface at the distal end of the humerus is divided into a capitulum and trochlea. The
capitulum articulates with the radius laterally forming the humeroradial joint. The trochlea articulates with
the ulna medially forming the humeroulnar joint. The primary motion that occurs at these two joints are
flexion and extension. The 3rd joint of the elbow complex is the proximal radioulnar joint. Notice the
motion between the proximal radius and ulna when you move the forearm through both pronation and
supination.
FIGURE 3.4. Humerus
FOREARM AND HAND
The forearm is formed by both the radius laterally and ulna medially (Figure 3.5). Remember these
descriptors are based on the body being in the anatomical position. Notice the proximal radius is smaller
than the proximal ulna. However, the opposite is true at the distal ends of these bones. Move the elbow
through both pronation and supination. Notice how the radius moves on the ulna (radioulnar joint).
Identify a prominent bump on the proximal radius (radial tuberosity). This is the insertion for the biceps
brachii muscle. The distal ends of both the radius and the ulna are called styloid processes. Notice the
carpal bones just distal to the styloid processes of the ulna and radius (Figure 3.5). The proximal row of
carpal bones, starting from the thumb side, are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform. The
distal row of carpal bones includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. These are the
bones that make up the wrist. They serve as points of muscular attachments. The palmar side of the
carpal bones is covered with a fibrous connective tissue called the flexor retinaculum, which makes up
the roof of the carpal tunnel. The finger flexor tendons and median nerve run through this tunnel.
The hand consists of five metacarpals. The metacarpals articulate with five proximal phalanges forming
the metacarpophalangeal joints. With the exception of the thumb, each finger is composed of proximal,
middle, and distal phalangeal bone. The articulation between the proximal and middle phalanges is called
the proximal interphalangeal joint. The articulation between the middle and distal phalanges is called
the distal interphalangeal joint. The metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints are responsible for
the hand’s ability to grip objects. Notice the absence of a middle phalanx in the thumb. Therefore, there is
also no proximal interphalangeal joint in the thumb.
FIGURE 3.5. Radius and Ulna.
Anterior View
FIGURE 3.6. Forearm and Hand.
Common Injuries of the Upper Extremity
The shoulder and elbow are commonly injured areas. Rotator cuff muscle (RC) tears result from a
combination of poor posture and repetitive overhead movements. The RC muscles are particularly
vulnerable to injury underneath the acromion process of the scapula. The humerus impinges on the
acromion compressing the tendons of the RC. This type of injury is often referred to as a shoulder
impingement. The elbow is also susceptible to overuse injuries. The medial epicondyle (medial
epicondylitis) can become inflamed when the forearm flexors are overused, such as in golfing and
pitching. The lateral epicondyle can become inflamed when the wrist extensors are overused, such as in
playing tennis. This can result in lateral epicondylitis. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which
there is compression of the median nerve, usually associated with repetitive movements of the wrist.
Swelling and inflammation results, compressing the median nerve as it runs through the carpal tunnel.
Surgical intervention consists of a surgeon making small slits in the flexor retinaculum to help reduce the
pressure on the nerve within the tunnel. Figure 3.7
Figure 3.7
Identify the following anatomical structures listed from Table 3.1 on the various models
located throughout the lab. Place the corresponding letter in the table below.
Structure
Sternoclavicular Joint
Letter
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
Humerus
Ribs
Scapula
Radial tuberosity
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Radius
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalangeal
bones
Middle phalangeal
bones
Distal phalangeal bones
Ulna
Humeroulnar joint
Radioulnar joint
Humeroradial joint
Olecranon process
Table 3.1
E XERCISE 4. T HE B ONES OF THE P ELVIS AND L OWER E XTREMITIES
PROCEDURE
Obtain both a full skeleton and a bone box.
Identify the pelvic girdle (pelvis) (Figure 3.10). It is designed to support the weight of the upper body
while dealing with ground reaction forces that are transmitted through the lower extremities during weightbearing activities. The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones (innominate), sacrum and coccyx.
Recall the sacrum was inferior to the last lumbar vertebra. The coccyx is attached to the sacrum caudally.
The innominate is composed of three bones that have fused together (ilium, pubis, and ischium). First
identify the sacroiliac joint connecting the ilium to the sacrum. Place your hands on the crescent-shaped
ilium, which flares out laterally on each side of the sacrum. Strong ligaments connect these 2 bones
together, both anteriorly and posteriorly. The pubis is the anterior, inferior portion of the innominate. A
fibrocartilage disc joins the two pubic bones together at the pubic symphysis. The ischium is the
posterior and inferior portion of the innominate. The ischial tuberosity (sit bone) is the most prominent
portion of the ischium. There are many powerful muscles of the posterior and medial thigh originating
here. The pubis, ilium, and ischium form a deep concave surface called the acetabulum (hip socket). The
hip joint is classified as a synovial joint that provides both increased range of motion (ROM) and structural
stability. Its increased ROM can be attributed to the ball-and-socket architecture of the joint. The stability
of the joint comes from both the deep hip sockets and the strong muscles and ligaments that surround it.
FIGURE 3.10.
The lower extremity can be divided into the thigh (between the hip and the knee) and the leg (knee to the
ankle). The femur is the largest and one of the strongest bones in the body. The 3 anatomical parts of the
femur are the head, neck, and shaft (Figure 3.11). The head to the femur articulates with the acetabulum
forming the hip joint. The neck of the femur connects the shaft to the head. The neck of the femur is
susceptible to fracture in the elderly. The greater trochanter and lesser trochanter are key insertion
points for muscles that stabilize the hip. The patella (knee cap) articulates within a groove (patellar
surface) between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. The medial and lateral epicondyles are
located superior to the condyles. The quadriceps femoris is composed of 4 muscles that cover the
anterior surface of the femur. They directly attach to the patella via the quadriceps tendon.
FIGURE 3.11.
BONES OF THE LEG
The tibia is connected to the patella by the patellar tendon. Recall tendons are the dense regular
connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. The patellar tendon is technically a ligament because it
connects 2 bones together. The knee joint is the articulation of the femur and tibia. The lateral and
medial condyles of the tibia articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the femur.
The tibia is the major weight-bearing bone in the leg (Figure 3.13). Move your hands anterior and inferior
to a prominent bump called the tibial tuberosity. It is just inferior to the patella and acts as a common
attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscles of the anterior thigh. The medial malleolus is the medial
and distal portion of the tibia. The fibula is thinner and lateral to the tibia. It is considered a non-weightbearing bone. The proximal fibula head is a site of muscle attachment. The distal end of the fibula
terminates at the lateral malleolus. The talus sits in between both malleoli.
FIGURE 3.13.
The foot and ankle are made up of 26 bones, held together by many ligaments (Figure 3.14). The foot is
divided into 3 distinct areas. The hindfoot (calcaneus and talus) connects the foot to the lower leg. Dorsi
and plantar flexion result from the gliding of the tibia over the talus. The midfoot includes the cuboid,
navicular, and the 3 cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, and lateral). It forms the arches of the
foot, which function in shock absorption during gait. These 7 bones are sometimes referred to as the
tarsal bones (tarsus). The forefoot consists of the remaining long bones of the foot (5 metatarsals, 5
proximal, 4 middle, and 5 distal phalanges). Notice the first metatarsal is much larger than the others.
The size of this bone reflects its importance in weight bearing, especially during walking. Toes 2–5 are
composed of 3 separate phalangeal bones while the first toe is only composed of 2 phalangeal bones (no
middle phalanx).
FIGURE 3.14.
Identify the following anatomical structures listed from Table 3.4 on the various models
located throughout the lab. Place the corresponding letter in the table below.
Structure
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
Acetabulum
Coccyx
Greater trochanter
Collateral ligaments
Tarsal bones
Pubic Symphysis
Letter/
Cruciate ligaments
Tibia
Fibula
Metatarsal bones
Tibialfemoral joint
Femoral acetabular joint
Calcaneus
Talus
Patella
Phalanges
Tibial tuberosity
Femur
Femur head
Meniscus
Table 3.4
Upper Extremity Review
Structure
Clavicle
1.
Description
The bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula
Acromioclavicular joint
2.
Articulation between the humerus and ulna
Glenohumeral joint
3.
Upper arm bone
Humerus
4.
Articulates with the head of the humerus
Ribs
Scapula
5.
6.
Articulation between the scapula and clavicle
12 pair of bones
Radial tuberosity
Acromion process
7.
3.
Just Distal to proximal phalangeal bone.
Location of pain for someone with tennis elbow
Coracoid process
Radius
Lateral epicondyle
9.
10.
11.
Location for pain for someone with pitcher’s (golfers) elbow.
Just distal to metacarpal bones
Prominent feature on the anterior portion of the scapula
12.
Lateral bone of the forearm
13.
14.
15.
Posterior depression on the distal humerus
Articulation between the humerus and scapula
Most distal bones of the hand
16.
Just distal to the carpal bones
17.
Short bones of the wrist
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalangeal
bones
Middle phalangeal
Number
bones
Distal phalangeal bones
13.
Ulna
19.
Superior ridge of scapula which is located above the head of
the humerus
Articulation between the radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint
20.
Shoulder blade bone
Radioulnar joint
21.
Articulation between the humerus and radius
Humeroradial joint
22.
Medial bone of the forearm
Olecranon process
23.
Proximal ulna / insertion of triceps brachii
Lower Extremity Review
Structure
Ilium
Number
1.
Description
The bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula
Pubis
2.
Articulates with the tibia
Ischium
3.
Inferior to L5 vertebrae
Sacrum
4.
Inferior to the sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
5.
Anterior pelvic bones
Acetabulum
6.
Articulation between the sacrum and the Ilium
Coccyx
7
Hip joint
Greater trochanter
3.
Articulation between the pubic bones
Lesser trochanter
Tarsal bones
Pubic Symphysis
9.
10.
11.
Ankle joint
Knee joint
Insertion for iliopsoas muscle
Talocrural joint
12.
Bones of the midfoot
Tibia
13.
Weight bearing bone of the leg
Fibula
14.
Posterior pelvic bones (sit bones)
Metatarsal bones
15.
Superior to the sacrum
Tibialfemoral joint
16.
Bones of the forefoot
Femoral acetabular
joint
17.
Non-weightbearing bone of the leg
Lumbar vertebrae
13.
Insertion for gluteal muscles
Calcaneus
19.
Anatomical pulley for quadriceps muscle
Talus
20.
Articular surface of hip joint
Patellar
21.
Found in children
Epiphyseal plate
22.
Found in adults
Epiphyseal line
23.
Largest bone in the body
Femur
24.
Articulates with the acetabulum
Femur head
25.
Common site of fractures in the elderly
Femur Neck
26.
Attachment site for the Achilles tendon