Download Levels of Communication

Levels of Communication
Güven Selçuk
Levels of communication
 This classification is based on the
number of people involved in the
process.
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Intra-personal
Inter-personal
Group
Organizational
Mass
Intra-Personal Communication
 It is the communication style which
an individual communicate within
himself/herself.
 It is language use or thought, internal
to the communicator.
 This type of communication takes
place every moment that an
individual lives.
 The individual becomes his or her
own sender and receiver, providing
feedback to him or herself in an
ongoing internal process.
 The individual uses his/her brain
waves as a channel; and the
outcomes are thoughts or ideas,
sometimes decisions, and sometimes
actions or behaviors.
 So it is the communication type when
an individual is thinking, imagining,
solving problems, listening,
daydreaming, studying, creating,
contemplating or dreaming.
 Some examples of intra-personal
communication
 Day-dreaming
 Nocturnal dreaming (lucid dreaming)
 Speaking aloud (talking to oneself),
reading aloud
 Writing one’s thoughts or observations
 Making gestures while thinking
 A particularly interesting example is
that lucid dreaming.
 A lucid dream is a dream in which
the sleeper is aware that he or she is
dreaming.
 When the dreamer is lucid, he or she
can actively participate in and often
manipulate the imaginary experiences
in the dream environment.
 Lucid dreams can seem extremely
real and vivid depending on a
person's level of self-awareness
during the lucid dream.
 Also transcendental meditation, for
instance, is an example of such
communication.
Inter-Personal Communication
 Interpersonal communication defines
the interactions of two or more
people.
 The most significant setting for
interpersonal communication is direct
face-to face communication between
two people.
 Interpersonal communication is the
process that individuals use to
communicate their ideas, thoughts,
and feelings to another individual.
 Interpersonal communication skills
are learned behaviors that can be
improved through knowledge,
practice, feedback, and reflection.
 Some principles of interpersonal
communication
 interpersonal communication is
inescapable
 interpersonal communication is
irreversible
 interpersonal communication is
contextual (such as psychological,
situational, environmental, cultural
context, etc.)
Group Communication
 Groups are the crowds which came
together for the same purpose and to
reach the same goals.
 Group communication is a system
which more than two people
communicates each other in the same
group and effect each other with the
opinions they have.
 A group must have a common
purpose or goal and they must work
together to achieve that goal.
 The goal brings the group together
and holds it together.
 Small-group Communication refers
to the nature of communication that
occurs in groups that are between 3
and 12 to 20 individuals.
 Small group communication generally
takes place in a context that mixes
interpersonal communication
interactions with social clustering.
 Large group communication is a
general description for organizational
communication as a communication
context describing large numbers of
individuals who are members of a
group.
 A company is a large group
communication context with specific
media, language codes, and methods
of interaction that distinguish it from
other companies or other groups.
 Unlike small-group communication
where members interact in primarily
synchronous and personal ways, large
groups use a host of synchronous and
asynchronous methods and media.
Organizational Communication
 Organizational communication is a
subfield of the larger discipline of
communication studies.
 Organizational communication, as a
field, is the consideration, analysis,
and criticism of the role of
communication in organizational
contexts.
 It is the communication which aims
people working together to achieve
individual or collective goals.
 People can relate to each other only
through some form of
communication.
 The survival of an organization
depends on individuals and groups
who are able to maintain among
themselves effective and continuing
relationships.
 If we can understand organizational
communication, we will understand
the organization itself.
 The field traces its lineage through
business information, business
communication, and early mass
communication studies published in
the 1930s through the 1950s.
 Until then, organizational
communication as a discipline
consisted of a few professors within
speech departments who had a
particular interest in speaking and
writing in business settings.
 The current field is well established
with its own theories and empirical
concerns distinct from other
communication subfields and other
approaches to organizations.
 In the 1950s, organizational
communication focused largely on the
role of communication in improving
organizational life and organizational
output.
 In the 1980s, the field turned away
from a business-oriented approach to
communication and became
concerned more with the constitutive
role of communication in organizing.
 In the 1990s, organizational
communication scholars focused more
on communication's possibilities to
oppress and liberate organizational
members.
Mass Communication
 Mass communication is the term
used to describe the academic study
of the various means by which
individuals and entities relay
information through mass media to
large segments of the population at
the same time.
 Mass communication is ‘mediated’
through a specific set of technologies
which stand between the senders and
receivers.
 There may be greater questions of
influence and power when the scale of
communication increases.
 When this wider mode of communication
gives rise to technologies, the real
immediacy of interaction is lost.
 It is usually understood to relate to
newspaper and magazine publishing,
radio, television and film, as these
are used both for disseminating news
and for advertising.
 Mass communication is characterized
by the transmission of complex
messages to large and diverse
audiences, using sophisticated
technology of communication.
 Mass communication is seen as
institutionalized production and
generalized diffusion of symbolic
goods via the transmission of
information or symbolic content, it is
explained as a communication which
is directed to or reaches an
appreciable fraction of the population.
Five characteristics of mass
communication (Thompson, 1995):
 Firstly, it comprises both technical
and institutional methods of
production and distribution.
 Secondly, it involves the
commodification of symbolic forms as
the production of materials relies on
its ability to manufacture and sell
large quantities of the work.
 Mass communications third
characteristic is the separate contexts
between the production and reception
of information.
 The fourth is in its reach of those “far
removed” in time and space in
comparison to the producers.
 Finally, mass communication involves
“information distribution”.
 This is a “one of many” form of
communication, whereby products
are mass produced and disseminated
to a great quantity of audiences.
Mass Media
 '' the methods and organizations
used by specialist social groups to
convey messages to large, socially
mixed and widely dispersed
audiences''. (Paul Trowler,
Investigating Mass Media, p. 1)
 They are complex formal organizations
 They are directed towards large
audiences
 They are public (content is open to all)
 Their audiences are heterogeneous
 They can establish simultaneous
contact with very large numbers of
people